ÁÍ˜ÿŒ ÿ‚Ý…‹Ÿ‹ ÿÁÍƒ ÍƒÍ‚— ÔƒÁÍ ÅŠ‚‹
ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÜÁßÏŸß áÍ‚›› ÝßË Å›‹–

Allen Holub à…Œßœ
JavaWorld
Í•ÎßÍŸ„ Î‚œžŒ :Ý‡Í…›

ÁÍ˜ÿŒ ÍƒÍ‚— ÿ‚ÔƒÁÍ ÅŠ‚‹ ÿÁÍƒ ÍŸÌ„ àÎÁËœÁ áÍ‚›› ÚŸ

‚›Œ àƒ Þ› :Å‹Á ÿœ‚›Î‚‹ ÝÎÁËÍ„ÿ› ÞÀ Þ‚Ÿƒ àƒ ‚‡œŸÁ ÍË à— ÿ›ž› ÜÁ :à™‚‹›
ÍßéÔ àéƒ ËéœœÁß…ƒ ÍÕœ ËÍß› ÿ‚ÝÍ• à— ÿÁàœß˜ àƒ ÁÍ Þ‚…Ë— ÿËœ‚›Î‚‹ àß‰œ
àéƒ ÿéŸ‚œƒ ÍŸÎ ÿ–Ôœ› ÜË› ß GUI Ý…‹Ÿ‹ ÍŸÎ ÞŸƒ ÔƒÁßÍ ß ËœßŒ à…Š‚‹ Í‚—ËßŠ
.ËÁË ÝÁßŠ Þ‚Œœ ¬Ë‹Íƒ Ü–ÁË‰

.ËéœßéŒ Ü‚é‹ÍÁ Íé˜ŒŸ‚›œ àƒ ‚Å—‡ƒÀ à— Å‹œŸÁ Ùß• Ü—Œ› ‘•Í ÿ‚žŒßÍ ÎÁ ÿ—Ÿ
Í‚é— àÁÍ ¬ÿé™ŸšË àƒ ÿ™ß ËÍÁË ËÍƒÍ‚— ÿžŸËƒ ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ ÿÁÍƒ àßŸŒ ÞŸÁ à…ƒ™Á
¬ÜËé› ÉéÔé‹ Ðšé— ÿ‚éË…› ÍË ÿ—Ÿ•ÁÍ˜ Ë— Ý‚’ËÁ à—œŸÁ ÜßÁ .ËŒ‚ƒÿ›œ ÿƒ‹‚œ›
Åé—é‡ƒÀ ÿ‚Ë…› Í‹ÁÍ‹ ÍË ÿ—Ÿ•ÁÍ˜ Ë— šß›› .ËÍßÀÿ› ËŸË„ ÁÍ áÍÁËž˜œ Åš—Œ›
Åé—é‡ƒÀ ÿ•ÍÔ ÎÁ .ËÎ‚‹ÿ› ÍÁßŒË ÁÍ Úˆß— Ëœˆ Í ÅÁÍŸŸ“… Ý‚‡œÁ ß ËßŒÿ› ÑŠ„
ÉŸŽß… ÁÍ ÿÁàßŸŒ ÁÌ™ .ËË ÑŸ‚›œ ÁÍ ËßŠ ÙŸÍÔ Ëœˆ àƒ ÿ…‰ÁÍ àƒ ËœÁß…ÿ›œ Ý
ÎÁ ß ËéŒ‚ƒ à…ŒÁËœ ÁÍ MVC (Model/View/Controller) áÍ‚›› Ü—Œ› à— ÝË ÿ›
ÖÁÎé…éœÁ ÚéŸé—•… ÿœŸ MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes) ÿ™Á ØË ÿ•ÍÔ
.ËË Ý‚‡œÁ ÁÍ ‚àŸš àìÁÍÁ ß (ÜË›)

Å‚•
Üéì‚é– Åß‚é•… ÞÀ ËÍ• àƒ Í‰œ› Å‚• ß ÿ™— Å—‡ƒÀ ÞŸƒ ËŸ‚ƒ ¬Ü—Œ› ‘•Í ÿÁÍƒ
:ËÍÁË ÁÍ ÍŸÎ ØŸÍ‚… ÎÁ ÿ—Ÿ Å• ¬ÁÍ˜ÿŒ ÿ‰ÁÍÔ ÿ‚ŸœË ÍË .ÝŸßŒ

ÍŸ‚‹ ÎÁ Ðš— ÞËÁË ÍÁÍ– ÎŸ‚›… ÿÁÍƒ à— ‚Å—‡ƒÀ ÿ‚ž‹š— ÎÁ ÿŠÍƒ ÎÁ ÿ˜ÏŸß ÚŸ
¬(‚éÅé—é‡éƒÀ ÎÁ ÿé‹šé—) salary àœß›œ ÿÁÍƒ .ËœßÍÿ› Í‚— àƒ Å—‡ƒÀ ÿ‚ž‹š—
ÎéŸ‚é›é…é› (ËÁÍé•Á Ý‚›…) ‚Å—‡ƒÀ Í…˜ÍÎƒ Ðš— ÎÁ ÁÍ (ÞÁËœ›Í‚—) employees
ÍéŸé˜éƒ Ùß–‰ ÞÁËœ›Í‚— à› .Ëœ…‹Ÿœ Ëœ›Í‚— ¬ËœÍŸ˜œ Ùß–‰ à— áËÁÍ•Á .Ëœ—ÿ›
ÍéŸ‚‹ ÎÁ ÁÍ ÞÀ à— ‚Å—‡ƒÀ ÎÁ ÿŽƒ ÿ˜ÏŸß .Å‹Á Ëœ›Í‚— Å• Ùß–‰ Ð„ .Ëœ…‹
Íé˜éŸËé—éŸ ÎÁ ÁÍ ÞÁËœ›Í‚— ¬Ëœ›Í‚— Ý‚œ àœß›œ ÿÁÍƒ ¬Ëœ—ÿ› ÎŸ‚›…› ‚Å—‡ƒÀ
ÿé› (àËéœÎÁËÍé„ ÎéŸÍ ß ËÁÍ•Á š†› ) Ý ÎÁ ÁË‡ š›‚— Ðš— ßË .Ëœ—ÿ› ÎŸ‚›…›
ÎÁ ÞÁËéœé›Í‚— ÞËß›œ ÎŸ‚›…› ÿÁÍƒ Ý‚œ ÁÌ™ .ËœŒ‚ƒ à…ŒÁË Ý‚œ› Å‚• ËœœÁß…
.ËßÍÿ› Í‚— àƒ (Í˜ŸË—Ÿ ÎÁ ‚àËœÎÁËÍ„ ÎŸÍ ‚Ÿ) Í˜ŸË—Ÿ

ÍéŸ‚é‹ ÎÁ ¬ÁÍ ‚Å—‡ƒÁ ÎÁ Ðš— ÚŸ ËœÁß…ÿ› Å—‡ƒÀ :Ëœ…‹ Å‚• ‚ž‹š— ËÍ—™›
.ËË ÒŸŠŒ… ‚ž‹š—

Ëœ…‹Ÿœ Ë™Ÿ• Å‚•
Åé–Ë ‚ƒ áÍ‚ŒÁ ÅÍß àƒ ËœÁß…ÿ› Ùß–‰ àœß›œ ÿÁÍƒ .Å‹Ÿœ Þ‚‹—Ÿ Ë™Ÿ• ‚ƒ Å•
Ùßé–é‰ ÇÁÍŠ…‹Á ÿÁÍƒ Î‚Ÿœ ËÍß› SQL à— ASCII à…ŒÍ Ü‚›Ÿ‹Ë Ë— áÍœŸ‚ƒ Ø‚Ž›
¬ËßŒœ àÍŸŠÌ šÁ ËŸ‚Œ .ËŒ‚ƒ ... ß Ëœ—ÿ› àÍŸŠÌ ÁÍ ‚àËÁË à‚˜Ÿ‚„ ÎÁ ÿ–Áß
àéƒé‹‚‰› Å™ßË Ùß–‰ àŸ‚„ š†› Í˜ŸË Å‚• ÙŸÍÔ ÎÁ ÁÍ‡Á Þ‚›Î ÍË ËœÁß…ÿ› ‚›Á
Ùßé–é‰ Îßéœé Ëœ›Í‚— ¬ËÍŸ˜ÿ›œ ÅÍß áÎ‚‹ àÍŸŠÌ à— ÍŠÀ ËÍß› ÍË ÿ…‰ .ËËÍ˜
ÿéË ÍÁËé–› à‚ƒ…ŒÁ ÁÍ ÿ…• Í˜Á .ËœÍÁËœ áÍ‚— áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ ‚ƒ Å‚• .ËÍŸ˜ÿ›
àË‚éŸé„ ÿÁÍéƒ à— ÿŸ‚Ë™Ÿ• ß Ëƒ‚Ÿ ÍŸŸ“… ËœÁß…ÿ› Å• ÞÀ áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ ¬ËŸœ—
.ËœßÍƒ ÞŸƒ ÎÁ ËœœÁß…ÿ› ËœßÍÿ› Í‚— àƒ áÎ‚‹

Å‚éŸé™é›é àÍ‚ƒÍË áÍŸ˜ ÝŸ›… ÿÁÍƒ ‚žœÀ à— Å‹œŸÁ Å‚• ÿŸ‚‹‚œŒ ÿ™Á ÜŸ™Ë
ÞÁßé…ÿ› ¬ËŒ‚ƒ à…ŒÁË ÁÍ ÿ…‚• ‚Å—‡ƒÀ ÎÁ ÿ‹š— Í˜Á .Ëœ…‹ áÍßÍŽ ÍÕœ ËÍß›
.ËœËÿ› Ý‚‡œÁ Å• ÞÀ ‚ƒ ÁÍ áÍ‚— àˆ ‚Å—‡ƒÀ ËŸ‹Í„

‚Å—‡ƒÀ àœ Å‚• ÑŸ‚›œ
Íéƒ Øé™…Š› Å‚ƒŸ—Í… ÍË ÁÍ Å—‡ƒÀ ËË…› Å‚• ‚… ÝŸÍÁË Ë– ‘–Áß› ÎÁ áÍ‚Ÿ‹ƒ
¬Ëœ›Í‚— Ý‚œ Ô–• à— Å‹Á ÝÎš Å‚–ßÁ ÿ‚˜ .ÝŸË Þ‚Œœ Åß‚•…› ÿ‚Í˜ŒŸ‚›œ ÿßÍ
àÁßéŠé™Ë ÿ‚éžéœ‚—› ÍË Å‚• ÞŸÁ à› ß ÝŸË ÑŸ‚›œ ÁÍ ÿ™› Ë— ‚Ÿ ¬Ùß–‰ Ý‚œ
Ëé…é› Ý‚éŸé„ Åé™ ÞŸ› àƒ .ËœŸÀÿ› ÍË ÑŸ‚›œ àƒ àÔßƒÍ› ÝÍ• ÍË ‚Ÿ Í˜ŒŸ‚›œ
àé‡ßé… .Ëéœé—ÿé›éœ Í‚— (Employee.draw-yourself Ëœœ‚›) display-yourself
àéŒéŸé›é ¬àœß›œ ÿÁÍƒ .ËßŒÿ› àËÁË ÑŸ‚›œ ÙŸÍÔ ÞŸ› àƒ ÎŸœ Å• à— ËŸŸ‚›œ
áÍ‚é˜Î‚é‹ Ößéœ ÞéŸÁ ‘–Áß ÍË .Å‹Á Åƒ‚† ÎŸ›› àÔ–œ ‚ƒ ËË ÚŸ ÅÍß àƒ Ùß–‰
àéœ Ëéœƒ‚Ÿ ÿ› ÍŸŸ“… Å‚• ÎÁ ÿƒŸ—Í… .Å‹Á áÍßÍŽ ÃßŠ ÿ‰ÁÍÔ ‚ƒ UI ÍË šß››
.Å‚• ÑŸ‚›œ àß‰œ

ÑéŸ‚›œ à— Å‹Á ÿ…—‡ƒÀ ÎÁ UI ËŸ™ß… áÎ‚‹ ÁË‡ ¬Íß—Ì› Ü—Œ› ÿÁÍƒ MVC Í‚— àÁÍ
Åé—é‡ƒÀ ÅŸŽß ÿƒ‚Ÿ…‹Ë ‚ƒ ÁÍ View à— ÿÁàËœœ— ÜÍ…œ— àÁÍ› àƒ ¬ËßŒÿ› àËÁË
ÎÁ ÝéŸ–…‹› ÍŸ’ ÍßÔ àƒ ‚Ÿ public ÿ‚Ë™Ÿ• ÅŠ‚‹ ÙŸÍÔ ÎÁ ÝŸ–…‹› ÍßÔ àƒ ‚Ÿ)
ß àé…•Í˜ ÁÍ view áËßÍß ¬MVC àËœœ— ÜÍ…œ— ÍßÔœŸ› .(accessor ÿ‚Ë…› ÙŸÍÔ
ÞéŸÁ .Ëéœé—ÿ› ÉšÁ ÁÍ Å—‡ƒÀ ÅŸŽß ß ÍŸ‹•… calls_to_set ÿ‚Ë…› àƒ ÁÍ ÞÀ
ÍéŸé’ Í‚Ÿ‹ƒ ‚àËÁË àƒ ÿƒ‚Ÿ…‹Ë .Ëœ—ÿ›œ Í‚— ÁÍ˜ÿŒ Ý…‹Ÿ‹ ÍË ÿ˜Ë‚‹ àƒ àßŸŒ
ØÌé‰ .ËéŸÀÿé› Ëßé‡ß àƒ view ß ÜË› ÞŸƒ ÿ•‚ŽÁ ÔƒÁßÍ à‡Ÿ…œ ÍË ß Å‹Á ÿ–Áß
MVC .Åé‹Á ÿé†ÍÁ áÍ‚é›éé› ÍË àÔƒÁÍ ÞŸÁ ‚›Á .Å‹Á MVC ØË view ÜË› àÔƒÁÍ
ÞéŸƒ àÔƒÁÍ ÞÀ ÍË à— ËßÍ Í‚— àƒ ¬checkbox Ëœœ‚› Úˆß— ËÍÁß› ÿÁÍƒ ËœÁß…ÿ›
‚ƒ .ËÍÁËœ ‚œ› ÞÁËœˆ coupling à— Å‹Á àË‚‹ áÍË– àƒ view ß ÜË› ÉÔ‹ ÅŸŽß
ÜË› áÎ‚‹ ÁË‡ ËœÁß…ÿ›œ MVC .Ëœ—ÿ›œ Ü› ÃßŠ áËÍƒÍ‚— ÉÔ‹ ÍË MVC ¬ÞŸÁ Ëß‡ß
.ËË Ý‚‡œÁ ÿƒßŠ àƒ ÁÍ view ß

¬ÝéË ÍéŸéŸé“… àÁßŠ™Ë Ùƒ‚Ô› ÁÍ Í˜ŒŸ‚›œ à— Å‹Á ÞŸÁ ÿ™• Ý…‹Ÿ‹ ÍË Þ› ØË
ÿé–éÔéœé› ÜË› ÍŸŸ“… ÞßËƒ ÁÍ ‚žœÀ ÿÁß…‰› ß àËß›œ ØÌ‰ ß à•‚ŽÁ ÁÍ ÿŸ‚ÝÍ•
à—œŸÁ ÞßËƒ ÜË› ÉÔ‹ áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ ÍË ÁÍ ÅÁÍŸŸ“… ÝÁßŠÿ› ÍßÔœŸ› .ÝË ÍŸŸ“…
ÿÁÍéƒ ÁÍ ÿé‡Í‚éŠ ÝÍé• ÚŸ ÎÁ ÿ‰ÍŒ ÞŸœˆ› .Ýœ— Ü‚›Á ¬ËÍÁÌ˜ ÍŸ†‚… I/O Íƒ
ÉÍéŒ ÉšéÁ ‚ƒ ß àËß›œ àÍŸŠÌ (áËœƒÍ—Ÿ„ ÜŸ‚• ‚Ÿ ‚àËÁË à‚˜Ÿ‚„ ÍË) à›‚œÍƒ
Ùßé• Ü‚›Á Ý‚‡œÁ ÎŸœ MVC ØË .ÝË ÍŸŸ“… ÁÍ ÞÀ (ËË‡› ÜŸ‚„›‚— ÞßËƒ) ¬ÝÍ•
.ËŸÀÍƒ ÞÀ àËž ÎÁ ÿƒßŠ àƒ ËœÁß…ÿ›œ ‚›Á ¬Å‹Á

ËË‡› ËÍƒÍ‚— ‚ƒ Ôƒ…Í› Üì‚‹›
àßéééééŸéééŒ ÍË àééé— ËéééœËééé–ééé…éééééé› ËÁÍééé•Á ÎÁ ÿéééŽééééééƒ
Ëßé‡ß Ü‚éé…Á Üéƒ‚– ÁÎ‡Á ËŸ‚ƒ MVC grab the data and shove it into view
Þé› ¬ÞéŸÁ Ëßé‡ß ‚éƒ ."ÿÍÁÎé•Á ÝÍéœ ‘›…‡› ÅÁÍÁË›" ÿ…Í‚ƒ àƒ .ËŒ‚ƒ à…ŒÁË
‚éƒ ÁÍ ÿÁà›‚œÍƒ ËŸœÁß…ÿ› ‚›Œ .Ëœœ—ÿ›œ Í‚— Ü› ÍË ÿŸÁÎ‡Á ÞŸœˆ à— ÝË–…›
àÍ‚éƒßË ‚éÅ—‡ƒÀ ÞŸÁ Ýœ—ÿ›œ Í—• ‚›Á .ËŸÎ‚‹ƒ ÁÎ‡Á ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ Þ…‹ßŸ„ Ý àƒ
Í˜Á ÿ…‰ .Å‹Á Ü‚‰› Ëœ— Í‚— ÿœ…› Í ÍË à— ÿ‹š— ØŸÍ… .ËœŒ‚ƒ àË‚•…‹Á Üƒ‚–
.ËŒ ËÁßŠ ÝŸ‡‰ àË‚™Á Ùß• Ðš— ËŸË Ý‚‡œÁ ÁÍ áÍ‚— ÞŸœˆ ËŸœÁß…ƒ

ÿé‹ÍÍéƒ Åé—é‡éƒÀ àËéœéœ— ÜË› ÚŸ à‚˜ËŸË ÎÁ ÁÍ ËË‡› ØÍ› Ü—Œ› ËŸË àÎ‚‡Á
ÿé‰ÁÍéÔ ÿÁÍƒ ÞÀ ÎÁ à— ÿÁ àœŸ›Î ÿœŸ ¬à™‚‹› (àœ›ÁË) "àÎß‰" Æ‰ƒ› .ÝŸŸ‚›œ
à›‚œÍƒ ÚŸ àœß›œ ÿÁÍƒ Í˜Á .Å‹Á Ýž› Í‚Ÿ‹ƒ ÁÍ˜ÿŒ ÿ‰ÁÍÔ ÍË ¬ËŸœ—ÿ› àË‚•…‹Á
ÍË Åé—é‡éƒÀ àËéœéœ— ÜË› .Å‹Á áÍÁËƒ‚‹‰ Þ‚…à™‚‹› àÎß‰ ¬ËŸ‹Ÿßœÿ› áÍÁËƒ‚‹‰
àé— ÿé…‚Ÿ™›) Å‚• .ËßŒÿ› Î—Í›…› (àÔßƒÍ› àÎß‰ ÍË) à™‚‹› ØŸÍ… Íƒ ÁË…ƒÁ
ÍË ËéŸéœé—ÿé› áÎ‚‹ ÜË› à— ÿ–Áß ÿ‚ŸœË ÎŸˆ ÞÀ (ËßŒÿ› ÜŸËƒ… Å‚• àƒ ÁËƒ
ÛéœÍ ‚›Œ àœß›œ ÿÁÍƒ .ËœŒ‚ƒ à…‹ƒÁß Ëß‡ß› à™‚‹› àƒ à— Ëœ…‹ ÍÕœ Ë› ÿ…Íß
‚ß› ÑŸÁÍÀ Ý…‹Ÿ‹ áÎ‚‹ ÜË› ÍË ß› ÛœÍ .ËŸœ—ÿ›œ áÎ‚‹ ÜË› ËÍ• Ðš— ÍË ÁÍ ß›
.ËÍÁË Åß‚•… Í˜ŸË—Ÿ ‚ƒ ß› ß áÍÁËƒ‚‹‰ à™‚‹› àÎß‰ .ËÍŸ˜ ÿ› ÍÁÍ– à‡ß… ËÍß›
àË‚•…‹Á Üƒ‚– Ý…‹Ÿ‹ ßË Í ÍË à— Ü‚…Á Üƒ‚– Î‡ ‚ƒ ËÍ• Ðš— Þ…Š‚‹ ÿÁÍƒ Ñš…
.Å‹Á ÞËÁË ÍË Å–ß ¬ËŒ‚ƒ

ÍË .ÝŸËÿ› ÍÁÍ– ÿ‹ÍÍƒ ËÍß› ÁÍ ÍŸË› ß Ëœ›Í‚— Ëœœ‚› áÍ˜ŸË áÍ‚‡… Å—‡ƒÀ ßË
.ËÍéŸé˜ÿé› ÍéŸË› Ñ–œ ÚŸ (Ëœ›Í‚—) à— Å‹Á Ðš— ÚŸ Ô–• ¬à™‚‹› ÿ‚àÎß‰ Í†—Á
ß Åé‹Á Åß‚é•é…› Þ‚ŒËÍƒÍ‚— àß‰œ ‚›Á ËœÍÁË ÿžƒ‚Œ› Å‚• ÞÁÍŸË› ß ÞÁËœ›Í‚—
à› ÍŸË› ¬à™‚‹› ÿ‚àÎß‰ ÍŸ‚‹ ÍË .ËœÍŸ˜ÿ› ÍÁÍ– ÿ•™…Š› ÿ‚Å‹Ÿ™ ÍË š‚›…‰Á
.ËéŒ‚ƒÿ› ÁÍÁË ÎŸœ ÁÍ áÍ˜ŸË ÿ•‚ŽÁ Å‚• ‚›Á .ËÍÁË ÁÍ Ëœ›Í‚— Í‚…•Í ß Å‚•
àé…ŒÁË ÿŸ‚Åß‚•… Å‹Á Þ—›› ¬Å‹Á àËŒ Ù…Œ› Ëœ›Í‚— ÎÁ à— ÍŸË› Ðš— ‚‡œŸÁ ÍË
Ëœ›Í‚— Å™‚‰ ÞŸÁ ÍË .Å‹Á time-sheet Îß‡› à™‚‹› ¬àÎß‰ Í˜ŸË ËÍß› ÍË .ËŒ‚ƒ
ÈéŸ áËÍ—™› ÍÕœ ÎÁ ß ¬ËËÿ› àÎ‚‡Á ÿß àƒ ÍŸË› ß Ëœ—ÿ› Í„ ÁÍ time-sheet
ÞÁßéœ àƒ ‘–Áß› ÿŽƒ ÍË ËÍ• Þ‚› Í˜Á .Ë›À ËÁßŠœ Ëß‡ß àƒ ÿœ‚Œß„› àœß˜
Ë‚é‡éŸÁ ÿé™é—éŒé› ¬ËßéŒ Üß Ý…‹Ÿ‹ àƒ Ëœ›Í‚— ÞÁßœ àƒ Å‚–ßÁ ÿ‚˜ ß ÍŸË›
ÍÁÍé– ÿé…ß‚•…› ÿ‚ž‹š— ÍË Ü›‚— ÍßÔ àƒ ÍŸË› ß Ëœ›Í‚— à›‚œÍƒ ÞßÍË .ËßŒÿ›œ
àéƒ .ËéœÁàËéŒ ØŸÍ… ¬àËŒœ ÿœ‚Œß„› Å‚• ß Å‚Ÿ™› àß›‡› ‚ƒ ÁÍŸÎ ¬ËœÍÁË
ÍéŸ‚é‹ ÍË ¬ËéœßéŒÿé› ÿéœ‚ƒŸ…Œ„ Ëœ›Í‚— Ô‹ß… Ü‚†› ÞŸÁ ÍË à— ÿ…‚Ÿ™› àßš
.ËœßÍÿ›œ Í‚— àƒ áËÍƒÍ‚— ÿ‚à›‚œÍƒ

àéƒ Ôé–é• ß ËœÍÁËœ ÿ–Áß ÿ‚ŸœË àƒ ÿÁà–š ÞÁËœˆ ÁÍ˜ÿŒ Þ‚‰ÁÍÔ à—œŸÁ àšŠ
àéƒ .ËéŒ ËœÁßŠ Î—Í›…› ¬ËßŒÿ› ÔßƒÍ› Þ‚Œà™‚‹› àƒ à— ÿ–Áß ÿ‚ŸœË ÎÁ ÿŒŠƒ
Íé˜Á .ÝéŸœ— àË‚•…‹Á ‚ÅŸŽß à› ÿÁÍƒ Ëœ›Í‚— Ðš— ÎÁ ÝŸœÁß…ÿ›œ ‚› ÿ…Í‚ƒ
ÝéŸé‡é‰ ß ÔßƒÍ›‚œ Å‚• ß Å‚Ÿ™› àß›‡› ‚ƒ ËŸÍÁË ÁÍ ÿ‹š— ÞŸœˆ Þ…Œßœ Ë–
.ËŒ ËŸÁßŠ à‡Áß›

ËéŸ‚éƒ ÍßÕœ› ÞŸÁ ÿÁÍƒ ¿Å‹Ÿˆ ËË‡› ØÍ› Ð„ ¬Ëœ—ÿ›œ Í‚— Ü‚…Á Üƒ‚– Î‡ Í˜Á
Ëé…é› ÚéŸ ÿ‚žœ‚›ß˜ÍÀ à› Í˜Á .‚Ðš— ÍË àœ ËŸœ— ÿ‹Ÿßœ à›‚œÍƒ ‚àÔƒÁÍ ÍË
áÎ‚é‹ àË‚Ÿ„ ‚ž‹š— Ô‹ß… ß ËœŒ‚ƒ àËŒ à…Š‚œŒ ÿ‚ÔƒÁÍ ÎÁ ÿŽƒ àƒ reference
ÎÁ .Ëéœé—ÿé›œ Ü› ¬ËÍÁËœ Ëß‡ß ÞÀ Ðš— à— ÿ…—‡ƒÀ ÿßÍ Íƒ à‚˜ˆŸ Ë…› ¬ËœßŒ
ÿ‚éÅé—é‡ƒÀ àœ ËÍŸ˜ÿ› ÍÁÍ– àË‚•…‹Á ËÍß› ËË‡› à— Å‹Á Ë…› ÞŸÁ ÿ—Ÿœ—… ÍÕœ
.Ë…› àƒ àËœßŒ ËÍÁß

¬ËÎ‚é‹éƒ ÁÍ ËßéŠ ÍƒÍ‚— ÔƒÁÍ ËœÁß…ÿ› Å—‡ƒÀ à— ËœÍÁËœ Íß‚ƒ ËÁÍ•Á ÎÁ ÿŽƒ
ËÍßé› ¬ËËé‡é› Ü‚éé…Á Üéƒ‚é– Î‡ ÚŸ ÞÁßœ àƒ Å‹œÁß…ÿ›œ ÿ…—‡ƒÀ ÞŸœˆ ÁÍŸÎ
ÁÍ àé…é•Í Í‚é— àéƒ ÞÀ ÍË Åé—é‡ƒÀ à— ÿÁàœŸ›Î ‚›Œ Þßˆ .ËÍŸ˜ ÍÁÍ– àË‚•…‹Á
ÞéŸéœéˆ ÿÁÍƒ ÁÍ ÿƒ‹‚œ› ÍƒÍ‚— ÔƒÁÍ ËŸœÁß…ÿ›œ à— ËœË–…› ‚žœÀ .ËŸ‹‚œŒÿ›œ
.Ëœ— Í‚— ÿÁàœŸ›Î Í ÍË ‚… ËŸÎ‚‹ƒ ÿ…—‡ƒÀ

ÇÍ‚éŠ ÍË ËœÁß…ÿ› ËŒ‚ƒ àËŒ ÿ‰ÁÍÔ ÃßŠ à— ÿ…—‡ƒÀ à— àËÍ— Åƒ‚† Þ› àƒ àƒÍ‡…
Üéƒ‚é– ÿéƒßéŠ àéƒ Åé—‡ƒÀ ÍƒÍ‚— ÔƒÁÍ ÿœŸ ¬ËßÍ Í‚— àƒ à™‚‹› àÎß‰ ÜŠÁË ß
Óé–éœ .ËÎ‚é‹éƒ ÁÍ ÍƒÍ‚— ÔƒÁÍ ËœÁß…ÿ› Å—‡ƒÀ à‡Ÿ…œ ÍË .Ëßƒ ËÁßŠ ÿŸ‚‹‚œŒ
ÍéŸÎ áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ àƒ ÿƒ‚Ÿ…‹Ë Þ‚—›Á à— ÿŸ‚Ë…›) accessor ÍË encapsulation
àé›Ëé Åé—‡ƒÀ ÅŸ›‚›… àƒ (Ëœ…‹ get/set ÅÍß àƒ ß Ëœœ—ÿ› ÝÁÍ• ÁÍ ÿŸ‚œƒ
ÃéŸ…Í… Þ‚› àƒ ÎŸœ Å• ÿœŸ ¬Ëßƒ ËÁßŠ Í‚˜Î‚‹ ÍƒÍ‚— ÔƒÁÍ ¬àßšƒ .ËœÎÿ›
ÎÁ áÍ‚é˜Î‚é‹ ÞéŸÁ ¬ËéŒ àÍ‚éŒÁ Íé…éŒéŸ„ à— àœß˜œ‚› .ËŒ ËÁßŠ àËÁË Þ‚Œœ
.ËŒ‚ƒÿ› ÁÍ˜ÿŒ ÿ‚ž›…‹Ÿ‹ ÿ‚ÿ˜ÏŸß

Í‚— àÁÍ
I/O Üé—Œ› ‘•Í ËË…› ÿ‚àßŸŒ ÎÁ ÿ—Ÿ ¬ËÍ— ÝÁßŠ Æ‰ƒ ÞÀ àÍ‚ƒÍË à— áÍ‚—ÁÍ
àéƒ ‚ÝÍ• Íƒ ÿœ…ƒ› ß àË‚‹ I/O ÅŸŽß ÿÁÍƒ Íß—Ì› Í‚— àÁÍ .Ëœ—ÿ› ÉŸÍŒ… ÁÍ
±° ÿéÔ àé— ÁÍ ÝËßéŠ ÿŠŒ ÿ‰ÁÍÔ ÿß˜™Á ÍßÕœ› ÞŸÁ ÿÁÍƒ Þ› .Ëœ—ÿ› Í‚— ÿƒßŠ
Í‚é— àéƒ ÝËéŸé›‚éœ "ÿé‹—ÁÍ„ ÜÁßÏŸß" ÁÍ ÞÀ ß àËÍ— Í‚— ÿƒßŠ àƒ à…ŒÌ˜ Ü‚‹
áÍ‚ééé›éééééé› ÿééééééŠé… Åé™‚é‰ ÿé‹é—ÁÍé„ ÜÁßÏéŸß ÿßé˜é™Á .ÝÍéƒÿé›
.ËŒ‚ƒÿ› (CAP) Control/Abstraction/Presentation

Ü–…‹› ÍßÔ àƒ ß˜™Á .ËßŒÿ› ØŒ— à—™ƒ ¬ËßŒÿ›œ ÖÁÍ…ŠÁ à‚˜ˆŸ ÿ‰ÁÍÔ ÿß˜™Á ÚŸ
àé— ÝÍÁË ÚéŒ Þé› .Ëƒ‚Ÿ ÿ› à‹ß… ¬àƒ‚Œ› Åš—Œ› Ü‰ ÿÁÍƒ Ø™…Š› Þ‚‰ÁÍÔ Ô‹ß…
ÝËÍéƒ Í‚— àƒ ÝŸ‚Í‚— ÍË ‚Í‚ƒ ÁÍ ÞÀ ÁÍŸÎ ¬ËŒ‚ƒ ß˜™Á ÚŸ "ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÜÁßÏŸß"
.Å‹Á Ã‹‚œ› ÿ‰ÁÍÔ Æ‰‚ƒ› ÿÁÍƒ Ë‹Íÿ› ÍÕœ àƒ ß

ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš
ÿéŸ‚Å—‡ƒÀ ÎÁ ÿßÍ˜ - Ý›‚œ ÿ› ÿ–Ôœ› ÜË› ÁÍ PAC áÍ‚››ÍË ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš Þ›
.Ëéœéœé—ÿé› áÎ‚é‹ ÜËé› ¬à™‚‹› àÎß‰ ÍË ÁÍ ÖÁÎ…œÁ ÝŸ‚•› ÝŸ–…‹›ÍßÔ àƒ à—
ÜéŸé™é‰é… ß àŸÎ‡… ËœŸÁÍ• Üß‰› ¬Ëœœ—ÿ› ØŸÍ… ÁÍ ‚Å—‡ƒÀ ÞŸÁ à— ÿŸ‚ž‹š—
¬Ëœ›‚œ ÿ› "ÿÍ‚‡… ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ" ÁÍ ÉÔ‹ ÞŸÁ ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ ËÁÍ•Á Å‚–ßÁ ÿ‚˜ .Ëœ…‹
ÍË Ôé–é• àé— Åé‹éœéŸÁ Í˜œ‚Ÿƒ ÉšÔÁ ÞŸÁ ÁÍŸÎ ÝËœ‹„ÿ›œ ÁÍ ÞÀ Þ› à…ƒ™Á à—
.Å‹Á ÜË‚› MVC ÍË "ÜË›" ‚ƒ ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš .ËÍÁË ËÍƒÍ‚— áÍ‚‡… ÿ‹Ÿßœ à›‚œÍƒ

àìÁÍÁ àŸš
ÍÁÍé– àéìÁÍÁ àéŸš ÍË ¬ËéœÍÁË ÁÍ Íé˜ŒŸ‚›œ ÿßÍ Íƒ ÝŸ‹Í… à•ŸÕß à— ÿŸ‚ž‹š—
Ü‚é‹ÍÁ ÿéÁÎé…éœÁ àéŸš ÍË ÁÍ ‚ž‹š— ÎÁ Å• Ëœˆ ‚Ÿ ÚŸ ‚ž‹š— ÞŸÁ .ËœÍŸ˜ÿ›
ÿéŸ‚éÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ‚žœÀ ÁÍŸÎ ¬ÝÍŸ˜ÿ› ÍÕœ ÍË ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÜÁßÏŸß ÁÍ ‚žœÀ Þ› .Ëœœ—ÿ›
Íé˜ŒŸ‚›œ áÎ‚‹ Ã…Í› à•ŸÕß à— ÜÍ…œ— àŸš .Ëœ…‹ ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ ÿÁÍƒ
àŸš ÎÁ ÁÍ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÜÁßÏŸß ¬ËÍÁË àËžÍƒ ÁÍ ÍƒÍ‚— ÿÁÍƒ ÅŸßÍ Üƒ‚– ÿÁàœß˜ àƒ
ÜÍé…éœé— Å—‡ƒÀ à‚˜ËŸË ÎÁ ‚ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÞŸÁ .Ëœ—ÿ› Å‹ÁßŠÍË ÿÁÎ…œÁ ÿŸ‚œƒ ÍŸÎ
ÍÕœ ÍË JComponent ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ ÁÍ ‚žœÀ ‚áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ ÍË Þ› .Ëœ…‹ ËÍ‡› š›‚—
.ËÍÁËœ Ëß‡ß Í˜ŸË àŸš ßË ß ÜÍ…œ— àŸš ÞŸƒ áËœßŸ„ ÈŸ ¬ÁÌ™ ÝÍŸ˜ÿ›

‚é›Á ¬ËÍÁË Ëßé‡ß tight-coupling ÞÀ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÿ‚ž‹š— ß ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš Ðš— ÞŸƒ
‚éƒ ËéŸ‚éƒ ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ .ËœÍÁËœ Í˜ŸË—Ÿ ‚ƒ áËœßŸ„ ÈŸ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ‚ƒ
Åé—‡ƒÀ ÙŸÍÔ ÎÁ Ô–• ‚ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÞŸƒ Ô‚ƒ…ÍÁ ‚›Á ¬ËœÎ‚‹ ÍÁÍ–Íƒ Ô‚ƒ…ÍÁ Í˜ŸË—Ÿ
ÿ‚éžé›‚éŸé„ àœß›œ ÿÁÍƒ ) .ËßŒÿ› ÍÁÍ–Íƒ ( à…Š‚‹ ÁÍ ‚žœÀ à—) ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš
.(Ëœƒ‚Ÿÿ› Þ‚ŸÍ‡ ÜË› àŸš àƒ àŸÁÍÁ àŸš ÎÁ "‚›Ÿ–…‹› event-style

àéìÁÍÁ àŸš ÞŸƒ Ô‚ƒ…ÍÁ áÍÁÍ–Íƒ ÿÁÍƒ ÿƒ‹‚œ› àÁÍ "separable-model" áÍ‚››
.Å‹Á ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš ß

Ü‚é†é› ¬ÞÀ ÿßÍ Íéƒ ÜË› Ãœ ÞßËƒ (View/Controller ‚Ÿ) Swing_UI_Delegate
‚éŸ List_Model Ëéœéœ‚›) "Swing-Model" Å—‡ƒÀ .Å‹Á ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÜÁßÏŸß ÎÁ ÿƒßŠ
Í‚é— àƒ ÿÁÎ…œÁ Å—‡ƒÀ ÞßÍË Å‚• ÎÁ ÿŽƒ Å™‚‰ áÎ‚‹ àÍŸŠÌ ÿÁÍƒ (Document
.Å‹Á ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš Ðš— ÎÁ áË™Ÿ• ‘–Áß ÍË ß ËßÍÿ›

ÿé‹é—ÁÍ„ ÜÁßÏŸß àìÁÍÁ àŸš à—Ÿ›‚˜œ ÍË (JTextField‚Ÿ JList) UI_Delegate
UI Delegate Þ‚é›Î ÞÀ ÍË ß ËßŒÿ› à…Š‚‹ ¬Ëœ—ÿ› Å‹ÁßŠÍË ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš ÎÁ ÁÍ
ÍË "‚é›éŸé–é…é‹› àìÁÍÁ Å›‹ ÍË ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÅÁÍŸŸ“… .ËËÍ˜ÿ› Ü…› ÜË› Å—‡ƒÀ àƒ
ÿéÁÎ…œÁ àŸš Å™‚‰ ÿœ‚‹ÍÎßÍ àƒ Swing .Ëœƒ‚Ÿÿ› Ð‚—œÁ ¬ÿÁÎ…œÁ Å›‹ Å—‡ƒÀ
Åé™‚‰ ¬ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš ¬Å—‡ƒÀ à‚˜ËŸË ÎÁ .ËÍÁË à‡ß… ÍƒÍ‚— áËÍßÍß àƒ Ê‹‚„ ÍË
ÞßÍ—œ‹ ÎÁ) Ëœ—ÿ› ÍŸŸ“… ¬àÔßƒÍ› UI Delegate ‚ƒ ÍƒÍ‚— àÍß‚‰› ÙŸÍÔ ÎÁ ÜË›
àËÁË Þ‚éŒéœ ÝÍé• ß ËéŸÍÁË ÿé‹Í…‹Ë ÜË› Ë™Ÿ• àƒ à— ÿ…™‚‰ ÍË ÿƒ‚Ÿ…‹Ë ÞËßƒ
¬ËÍéƒÍ‚é— ‚éƒ Ôéƒé…Íé› ÅÁÍéŸéŸé“é… .(ËéŸéœé— Üé‚é‰ Þ‚éœéŸé›éÔÁ ¬ËßŒÿ›
ÿé‹ÍÍéƒ ÁÍ Åé—‡ƒÀ Å™‚‰ à— ÿthread àœ ËËÿ› ÿßÍ swing event-loop thread
áËËé…› Å‚‰• ÍË ÜË› Å—‡ƒÀ ÚŸ ÍË Þ‚›Î› Å• ÚŸ Å‹Á Þ—›› ÞŸœˆ› .(Ëœ—ÿ›
ÁÍ ÿé—ÁÍ…ŒÁ ÜË› ÍË àËŒ Ë‚‡ŸÁ ÍŸŸ“… Í ‚àìÁÍÁ à› ÁÌ™ .ËŸÀ ÍË ÑŸ‚›œ àƒ
.Ëß›œ ËÁßŠ Ð—œ›

ß àË‚•…‹Á ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÜÁßÏŸß ÞÁßœ àƒ AWT Å—‡ƒÀ ÎÁ à— Å‹Á ÞŸÁ à™‚‹› Í‚— àÁÍ
listener ÞÁßéœ àƒ ÁÍ ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš Å—‡ƒÀ ÿœßÍË Ðš— ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ ÎÁ ÿŽƒ Ð„‹
àË‚é•…‹Á ÞßËƒ ß ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÎÁ "‚›Ÿ–…‹› ‚event ¬ÁËË‡› .ËŸœ—Í…‹Ÿ‡Í (àËœßœŒ)
ÿéŒŠƒ ÁÍ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÜÁßÏŸß .Ëœƒ‚Ÿÿ› Þ‚ŸÍ‡ ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš àƒ MVC controller ÎÁ
ßË ÍË Åé—é‡ƒÁ ÚŸ ÿœŸ :ËŸœ— Íß… ¬ËÎ‚‹ÿ› ÁÍ ÞÀ à— ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš Å—‡ƒÀ ÎÁ
.Þ‚—›

intergalactic Pan dimensional ÿéÁÎé…éœÁ àéŸš Åé—é‡éƒÀ .Å‹Á Ñß› ÿ‹—ÁÍ„
(View) ËéŸéœéŸéƒÿé› ÞßÍŸƒ ÎÁ àˆœÀ .áÎ‚ƒ ÃŒ à›ŸŠ Ëœœ‚› ‘–Áß ÍË .ËŒ‚ƒÿ›
ÎÁ ÿéŒéŠéƒ Åé‹Ë .ËßŒÿ› àìÁÍÁ Î‚ƒ ÃŒ à›ŸŠ Ô‹ß… à— Å‹Á ÿÁàœÁËœ›Œß Å‚—Í‰
.Å‹Á àËŸŒ— ÍŸß… àƒ ÁÍ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÜÁßÏŸß ± Ü—Œ .Å‹Á Î‚ƒ ÃŒ à›ŸŠ

± Ü—Œ

áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ àÍ‚ƒÍË ÿÁà…—œ
àéŸš Åé—‡ƒÀ ÞŸƒ áÍ‚Ÿ‹ƒ tight coupling ß Å‹Á ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš ÎÁ ÿŒŠƒ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„
àË‚éŸé„ ÁÎé‡› ÿ‚ž‹š— Ëœœ‚› ‚ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ .ËÍÁË Ëß‡ß ÞÀ ÿ‚ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ß ÿÁÎ…œÁ
ÁÍ Åé•é ÚŸ ‚… Ëœ—ÿ› Å‹ÁßŠ ÍË ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÎÁ ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš Å—‡ƒÀ .ËœßŒÿ› áÎ‚‹
ÿé›‚é˜œ ¬Å‹Á àË‚‹ render-yourself ÿÏ…ÁÍ…‹Á à—Ÿ™‚‰ ÍË ÁÌ™ ¬ËŸ‚›œ Ü‚‹ÍÁ
Ëßé‡ß‚éƒ .ËéŒ‚éƒ àË‚‹ ÿ•‚— ÍË– àƒ ÑËßŠ Ü‚‹ÍÁ ÿÁÍƒ Å—‡ƒÀ à— ËÍÁË ËÍƒÍ‚—
employee ÎÁ ÞÁßé…ÿé› Ü‚é†é› ÿÁÍƒ Íß—Ì› ÿÏ…ÁÍ…‹Á ÍË à— ËŸŸ‚›œ à‡ß… ¬ÞŸÁ
Ü‚é‹ÍÁ ¬ÿé‹é—ÁÍé„ ÎÁ àË‚•…‹Á ÞßËƒ ÁÍ Ý‚œ Ëœœ‚› ËßŠ Å• ÚŸ Ô–• à— Å‹ÁßŠ
.ËŸ‚›œ

àƒ ÁÍ Ðš— ËŸÁßŠÿ›œ à— Å‹Á Ý™‹› ËŸŒŸËœÁÿ› Ü‚…Á Üƒ‚– ÁÎ‡Á àÍ‚ƒÍË à‚˜Í
ß ËéŸœ— ÿ‹ŸßœÎ‚ƒ ¬Í˜ŒŸ‚›œ ÿßÍ Íƒ Å—‡ƒÀ ÍßžÕ àß‰œ ÞËÁË ÍŸŸ“… ÿÁÍƒ ÿ˜Ë‚‹
.Å‹Á reneder-yourself ÿÏ…ÁÍ…‹Á Åš—Œ› ÎÁ Í˜ŸË ÿ—Ÿ ÞŸÁ

ËéœéœÁßé…ÿ› ÿ–Ôœ› ÜË› ÿ‚ž‹š— ¬Å‹Á ÿŸÁÎ‡› Ðš— ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÜÁßÏŸß à—Ÿì‚‡œÀ ÎÁ
.Ëœœ— àŸž… ÁÍ ÞÀ ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ

.ËéŒ ËÁßŠ ÁË‡ "ÿÍ‚‡…" ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ ÎÁ view áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ ÞŸÁÍƒ‚œƒ
àéŸš àƒ Ü‚…Á ÞßËƒ ¬Ü›‚— ÍßÔ àƒ ËœœÁß…ÿ› áÍ‚Ÿ‹ƒ ÿ‚ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ¬event Í ÍË
ÞÁßéœ àƒ ËœÁß…ÿ› Swing_JTextField àœß›œ ÿÁÍƒ .ËœßŒ áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ ÿÁÎ…œÁ
ËÍßé› àËéŒ àÍéŸéŠÌ Document Å—‡ƒÀ ÍË ÞÀ Å™‚‰ à— ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš Å• ÿ‹—ÁÍ„
ÉéÔé‹ Åé—é‡ƒÀ ËÍ—™› àß‰œ àƒ JTextField ÞŸÁ Ëß‡ß ‚ƒ .ËÍŸ˜ ÍÁÍ– àË‚•…‹Á
.Å‹Ÿœ Ø–Áß ÿÁÎ…œÁ

áÎ‚é‹ àË‚Ÿ„ ÿÁÍƒ Í…ÿ™ŠÁË ÿ‚ž‹š— ÎÁ ÝËÿ› ÉŸ‡Í… Þ› ¬Ý…•˜ šƒ– à— ÍßÔœ‚›
ÎÁ àË‚é•é…é‹Á ÁÍéŸÎ ¬àËéŒ Ùé…éŒé› ÿ‚ž‹š— ‚… Ýœ— àË‚•…‹Á Ý àƒ ‚ÿ‹—ÁÍ„
.Ëœ—ÿ› ÞÁÍ˜œ ÁÍ› Áß‚‡ ÍË protected

àé— ÿé…é—é‡ƒÀ ß ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÞŸƒ ËœÁß…ƒ Ô–• à— ÝŸÎ‚‹ƒ ÿÔƒÁÍ ÝŸÁßŠÿ› ‘–Áß ÍË
àéƒ ËéœÁßé…ÿ› ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÞÀ ÁÌ™ ËßÍ Í‚— àƒ Ëœ…‹ tight couple ß ËËÿ› Þ‚Œœ
Ôé‹ß… ÁÍ Ë…› ÞŸÁ" ËŸœÁß…ÿ› ‚›Œ ¬ÜÁàËŸÁ Å™‚‰ ÍË .ËßŒ ÿË ÍÁË–› ÉŸ‰ ÍßÔ
ÿ™ß ¬Å‹Ÿœ ÿ™› (C++ ‚Ÿ) Áß‚‡ ÍË Í‚— ÞŸÁ ‚›Á "ËŸœÁßŠƒ ÁÍ• Ðš— ÞÀ ÿ‚Ë…›
áÎ‚é‹ àË‚éŸé„ ÿéÁÎ…œÁ àŸš Ðš— ÿœßÍË Ðš— ÞÁßœƒ ÁÍ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ Ðš— ËŸœÁß…ÿ›
àéƒ ËéœÁß…ÿ› Í…ÿœßÍŸƒ Ðš— Å—‡ƒÀ ÃŸ…Í… ÞŸËƒ .ËŸœ— private ÁÍ ÞÀ ß àËß›œ
ÿœßÍË Ðš— private ÿ‚ÑŠƒ àƒ Í…ÿœßÍŸƒ Ðš— ÁÍŸÎ) ËŒ‚ƒ à…ŒÁË ÿ‹Í…‹Ë ‚Ë…›
Íé˜Á .Ëœ— ÁËŸ„ ÿ‹Í…‹Ë ‚žœÀ àƒ ËœÁß…ÿ›œ áÍ˜ŸË ËÍ• ÈŸ ‚›Á ¬(ËÍÁË ÿ‹Í…‹Ë
ËéœéœÁß…ÿ›œ àËŒ Ù…Œ› ÿ‚ž‹š— Í˜ŸË ¬ËŸœ—ÿ› àË‚•…‹Á ÿœßÍË Ðš— ÿÏ…ÁÍ…‹Á ÎÁ
ÁÍéŸÎ ÝéŸ‹ßœƒ ÁÍ áÍ…ÉŸ‰ Ë— ‚… ËßŒÿ› Ãƒ‹ ÅŸËßË‰› ÞŸÁ .Ëœœ— àŸž… ÿ‹—ÁÍ„
àËÍ— Åƒ‚† Þ› àƒ àƒÍ‡… .ÝŸË ÍŸŸ“… ÁÍ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÑŸ‚›œ àß‰œ ‚… ÝŸ…‹Ÿœ Íßƒ‡›
ÍË ÿé…é‰ ¬ËéËÿé› ÑéŸ‚é›éœ ÅÍß Þ‚› àƒ à•Ë Í ÁÍ ÑËßŠ ¬Ðš— Í Å• à—
ÁÍ ÿé•™…Š› Å‚ŒŸ‚›œ ËœÁß…ƒ à— ÝŸ‹Ÿßœƒ ÿŸ‹—ÁÍ„ ËŸ‚ƒ ÁÌ™ ¬Ø™…Š› ÿ‚à›‚œÍƒ
àË‚é•…‹Á Gang of four command Å—‡ƒÀ ÎÁ ËŸ‚ƒ ÍßÕœ› ÞŸÁ ÿÁÍƒ ß Ëœ— àÍÁËÁ
áËËé Å‚é• ÎÁ ÿŽƒ ÿÁÍƒ ÁÍ Number Format ÝœÁß…ÿ› Þ› ¬àœß›œ ÿÁÍƒ) .ËßŒ
.(ÝŸß˜ƒ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ àƒ ÁÍ áËœƒ Å›Í• àß‰œ ß Ý…‹Í•ƒ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ àƒ

ÜÍ…œ— àŸš
ÍË ‚éžœÀ Ãœ ß ÜË› ÎÁ ‚ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ Å‹ÁßŠÍË ‚ƒ view Ë‚‡ŸÁ ÜÍ…œ— Å—‡ƒÀ à•ŸÕß
ÿÁÍéƒ ß ËéŒ‚éƒ ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš Å—‡ƒÀ ÚŸ ËßŠ ËœÁß…ÿ› ÜÍ…œ— Å—‡ƒÀ .Å‹Á ßËœŸß
.(Å‹Á ÿ…Œ˜Î‚ƒ áÍ‚›› ÞŸÁ) ËßŒ àìÁÍÁ ÿ™— ÝÍ• ÍË Ü‚†›

.Ëéœé…‹ Ð‚Ÿ–› Üƒ‚– MVC ÍË view ß ÜË› ‚ƒ áË‰ ‚… àìÁÍÁ ß ÿÁÎ…œÁ ÿ‚àŸš
àé— Åé‹Á ÿé…é—é‡ƒÀ MVC ÍË Controller .ËÍÁËœ ÿ…™‚‰ ÞŸœˆ ÜÍ…œ— Å—‡ƒÀ ‚›Á
.Ëéœé—ÿ› ÍŸ‹•… ÜË› Å›‹ ÿ‚Ý‚Ÿ„ àƒ ÁÍ ‚žœÀ ß à…•Í˜ ÁÍ view Å›‹ ÿ‚event
ÎÁ ‚é›éŸé–…‹› ‚Ý‚Ÿ„ .Å‹Á Ü‚• ÍŸ’ Ý‚Ÿ„ Þ‚ŸÍ‡ àœŸ›Î ÍË PAC ÜÍ…œ— Å—‡ƒÀ
àé— ÿŸßËœŸß .ËßÍÿ› ¬ËÎ‚‹ÿ› ÁÍ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ à— ÜË› Å›‹ Å—‡ƒÀ àƒ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÜÁßÏŸß
.ËßŒÿ›œ ÍŸ˜ÍË Ý‚Ÿ„ Þ‚ŸÍ‡ ÍË šß›› ËßŒÿ› à…Š‚‹ view ÞÀ ÍË

áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ - áÎ‚‹ ÜË›
ÞéŸÁ .Ýéœé—ÿ› ÉŸÍŒ… ÁÍ àË‚‹ ß Åƒ‚† Ý…‹Ÿ‹ ÚŸ ‚ƒ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÜÁßÏŸß áÍ‚›› Þ›
àé— ÿéŸ‚é ÿ‹—ÁÍ„) ËËÿ› ÑŸ‚›œ ÁÍ ‚ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ à— ËÎ‚‹ÿ› àË‚‹ ÝÍ• ÚŸ Ý…‹Ÿ‹
.ËœÍÁË ÍÁÍ– ÝÍ• ÍË ÿ…ƒ‚† Ü‰› ÍË ‚ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ .(ËœËÿ› Þ‚Œœ ÁÍ ÜË› Å›‹ Å‚•
.Å‹Á Ô‚ƒ…ÍÁ ÍË Áß‚‡ UI ‚ƒ Layout Manager àßŸŒ à…ƒ™Á

àËéŸéŒ—ÍŸß… àƒ ³ ß ² Ü—Œ ÍË ‚Ÿß„ ß ‚…‹ŸÁ ÜË› ÿ‚ÍÁËß›œ ÍË ‚ÝÍ• Ý…‹Ÿ‹
ÔéƒÁÍ User Interface ‚é‡éœéŸÁ ÍË .Å‹Á àË›À ² Ü—Œ ÍË ‚…‹ŸÁ ÜË› .Å‹Á àËŒ
User Interface ËŸ‚ƒ ÿ‹š— ¬ËßŒ àËÁË Þ‚Œœ Í˜ŒŸ‚›œ ÍË à—œÀ ÿÁÍƒ .Å‹Á ÿ™Á
ÿÁÍéƒ ÁÍ ‚éÿé‹é—ÁÍ„ ÜÁßÏŸß ¬ÞÀ Å‹ÁßŠÍË Ý‚˜œ ÍË ß àËß›œ áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ ÁÍ
ÁÍ JComponent àé— ÿé‹šé— Íé ÎÁ ÿÁàéœß›œ ÅÍßƒ ‚ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ .Ëœ— àŸž… Å‚•
.ËœßŒÿ› àËœÁËÍ˜ Î‚ƒ ¬Ëœ—ÿ› áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„

² Ü—Œ

ÎÁ ‚éÿé‹é—ÁÍé„ Åé‹ÁßéŠÍË ÞÀ àé•ŸÕß .Å‹Á PAC Control Å—‡ƒÀ ÚŸ Form Ðš—
ÝÍé• .ËéŒ‚éƒÿ› Í˜ŒŸ‚›œ ÿßÍÍƒ ‚ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ áÎ‚‹ Ã…Í› ß ÑŸ‚›œ Üƒ‚– ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ
àéƒ ÿ™— ÝÍ• ÎÁ Î‚Ÿœ ÅÍß ÍË ËœÁß…ÿ› Å—‡ƒÀ ÁÌ™ ¬ËËÿ› Ô‹ƒ ÁÍ JComponent
ÿßé˜é™Á ÝÍé•-ÞßÍË-Åé›Íé• àßéŸéŒ ÞéŸÁ) Ëéœé— àË‚é•é…é‹Á ÿé‹é—ÁÍé„ ÞÁßœ
.(Å‹Á Gang of Four Composite

ËéœéŸÀÿ› ÍË ÑŸ‚›œ àƒ ÝÍ• ÿßÍÍƒ à— áËË…› ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ Å‚• ÿƒ‚ŸËÍ ÿÁÍƒ ÝÍ•
String ¬Element .Ëéœé—ÿé› àË‚é•é…é‹Á (Private ÿé™éŠÁË Ðš—) Elements ÎÁ
ËŸœ— à‡ß… .ËÍÁËÿ› à˜œ ¬Ëœœ—ÿ› ÿŸ‚‹‚œŒ ÁÍ Å• ÿ›‚‹Á ß Ðš— à— (ÿŸ‚à…ŒÍ)
ÿé…é‹ÍË àéƒ ÁÍ Í‚é—éœŸÁ ÉÁÍÔ Í˜Á .ËßŒÿ› àÍŸŠÌ (Ë™Ÿ• Ý‚œ àœ) Å• Ý‚œ à—
àË‚éŸé„ ËéœßÍ ÿÔ ÍË ‚Ë™Ÿ• à—™ƒ Ëœ—ÿ›œ ÍŸŸ“… Ðš— àß›‡› Å• ¬ËË Ý‚‡œÁ
.Ëœƒ‚Ÿÿ› ÍŸŸ“… áÎ‚‹

Ýé is invariant) invariant :ËßéŒÿé› ÿéœ‚ƒŸ…Œ„ Element Å—‡ƒÀ Ößœ ßË ÎÁ
.‚éicon ß slabel Ëéœéœ‚é› Ëéœ‚é›ÿé› Åƒ‚† ÝÍ• ÑŸ‚›œ Ý‚˜œ à— (Å‹Á Å‹ÍË
ÁËé ‚ƒ invariant Í‚œ .Ëœ…‹ invarian ‚icon ß ‚label Ëœœ‚› ÿŸ‚ÎŸˆ
ÝÍé• ÍË add field(invariant: JComponnet, location:Rectangle) Ëé…› ÞËÍ—
Þ‚é› ‚ƒ Element àËœÎ‚‹ÎÁ àË‚•…‹Á ‚ƒ) ÁÍ Ã‹‚œ› Element à— ËœÍŸ˜ÿ› ÍÁÍ–
.ËéŸ‚é›éœÿé› à›Ÿ›Ž ‚Ë™Ÿ• Å‹Ÿ™ àƒ ÁÍœÁ ß à…Š‚‹ (add field() ÿ‚Þ‚›ß˜ÍÁ
àËéŒ ÞéŸéŸé… Ü‰› ÍË invariant JComponent ÿŒ ¬ËËÍ˜ÿ› Ü‚• ÝÍ• à—Ÿ›‚˜œ
.ËßŒÿ› àËÁË ÑŸ‚›œ ß à…•Í˜ ÍÁÍ–

Å‚• ÎÁ ÿŽƒ Í˜œ‚Ÿ‚›œ Ëœ…‹Ÿœ invariant à— ÿŸ‚Ë™Ÿ• à› à— Å‹œŸÁ Íƒ ÓÍ•
àé— add-field ÿ‚éàéŠé‹œ ÍŸ‚‹ Ú›— ‚ƒ ‚Ë™Ÿ• ÞŸÁ .ËœŒ‚ƒÿ› ‚ž‹š— ÎÁ ÿŽƒ
.ËÍÁËÿ› à˜œ ÁÍ Å• Ý‚œ ß Ðš— Ý‚œ à— ÿŸ‚à…ŒÍ

ÅÍßé àƒ àœ .ËœßŒÿ› àÍŸŠÌ à…ŒÍ ÅÍß àƒ Å‚• ÿ›‚‹Á ß Ðš— à— ËŸŸ‚›œ à‡ß…
àéƒ ÁÍ ÝÍé• ØéŸÍé… ¬‚à…ŒÍ ËÍƒÍ‚— .instantiated ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ àƒ reference
àéƒ ÎŸœ ÝÍ• ÉšÁ .Ëœ—ÿ› Þ‚‹À ‚àËÁË à‚˜Ÿ‚„ ÍË ÿ™ßË‡ ‚Ÿ ASCII ÜŸ‚• ÅÍß
.Å‹Ÿœ ËË‡› ÜŸ‚„›‚— àƒ Î‚Ÿœ ß ËÍŸ˜ÿ› Ý‚‡œÁ ASCII ÜŸ‚• ÞŸÁ ÉšÁ ‚ƒ ÿ˜Ë‚‹
layout ËŸœÁß…ÿ› ‚›Œ .Å‹Á ÜË› ÎÁ view áÎ‚‹ÁË‡ ÿ™Á ÑŠƒ áÍŸÌ„ Ø‚ÔœÁ ÞŸÁ
ÜËé› Íéƒ Åé™‚é‰éœŸÁ .ËŸË ÍŸŸ“… ÿ‹Ÿßœ Ë— àƒ Î‚Ÿœ ÞßËƒ ÁÍ ‚ÝÍ• ÃŸ—Í… ß
.ÅŒÁÌ˜ ËÁßŠœ ÍŸ†‚…

Load() ÿ‚éË…› ÝÍ• ÍË ÜŸ‚• ÎÁ Elements áÍÁÌ˜Í‚ƒ ÿÁÍƒ Form Ðš— ÍË Hooks
ËÍßé› ÚéŸ Îé‡ àéƒ ß Ëœ…‹ non-final ÿ‚Ë…› ‚žœÀ .ËœßŒÿ› àŸž… store() ß
ÿéœ‚éƒéŸé…Œ„ ÿÁÍƒ ÁÍ ‚žœÀ ËŸœÁß…ÿ› ‚›Œ .ËœËÿ›œ Ý‚‡œÁ áÍ‚— š• ¬‚œ†…‹Á
Þé› àœß›œ ÿÁÍƒ .ËŸœ— ÿŒÍ‚•‹ (Form ÎÁ ÿ‹š— Ù‚–…ŒÁ Ô‹ß…) ÝÍ• ØŸÍ… Ý…‹Ÿ‹
ÿé›Íé• Load() Ë…› :Ëœ—ÿ› áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ ÍŸÎ ÅÍß àƒ ÁÍ Ë…› ßË à— ÝÍÁË ÿ‹š—
¬ËéœÁàËéŒ ÁË‡ Í˜ŸË—Ÿ ÎÁ ‚›‚— ‚ƒ ÞÁ Í‚œ à— ASCII ÜŸ‚• ÚŸ ÞËœÁßŠ ‚ƒ ÁÍ
ÍË ß Element ÚéŸ ÍË ÁÍ ÍéÔé‹ Í à— ÃŸ…Í… ÞŸËƒ Ëœ—ÿ› initialize ÁÍ Form
:Ëœ—ÿ› ÿË ÍÁË–› ÍŸÎ ÍŸÎ Ã™‚–

x, y, width, height, class_name, attribute_name

Ðšé— Ý‚éœé›é à— ÿpackage Ý‚œ) ËßŒ ÔŸÁÍŒ ÎÁÍ‰Á Ü›‚—ÍßÔ àƒ ËŸ‚ƒ Ðš— Ý‚œ
ß ËËÍ˜ ÒŠŒ› class name Ë™Ÿ• ÍË ËœÁß…ÿ› java.swing à…‹ƒ ÍË Ðš— Í .(Å‹Á
ÞÀ Þ‚é›ß˜ÍÀ ÞÁßœƒ attribute_name Ë™Ÿ• .ËÍÁË string constructor ÚŸ Ðš—
‚éƒ ß ÖßÍéŒ < Í…—ÁÍ‚— ‚ƒ attributed-name Í˜Á .ËßÍÿ› Í‚— àƒ constructor
.ËéŒ‚ƒÿ› URL ÚŸ attribute name à— Å‹Á ÞŸÁ Íƒ ÓÍ• ¬Ëƒ‚Ÿ à›…‚Š > Í…—ÁÍ‚—
‚›Á ¬ËßŒÿ› à…Š‚‹ ImageIcon ¬ËŒ‚ƒ javax.swing.ImageIcon ¬class-name Í˜Á
.ËÍŸ˜ÿ› ÍÁÍ– JLabel ÞßÍË

Þ‚›Í• ÿËßÍß ¬Ü‚†› ÿÁÍƒ

10,20,100,200,javax.swing.JButton,Hello World

:ËËÍ˜ÿ› ÜŸËƒ… ÍŸÎ Ü—Œ àƒ

new Element(new Rectangle(x,y,width,height), new JButton("Hello World"));

:ËßŒÿ› Ë‚‡ŸÁ ÍŸÎ Þ‚›Í• ‚ƒ Þß—ŸÁ ß

10,20,100,200,java.swing.ImageIcon,foo.gif

:ËÍŸ˜ÿ› ÍÁÍ– ÍŸÎ Ã™‚– ÍË à—

new Element(new Rectangle(x,y,width,height), new JLabel(new ImageIcon("foo.gif"));

<http://www.holub.com/images/mooney.jpg> 10,20,100,200,java.swing.ImageIcon,

àƒ ÜŸËƒ…

new Element(new Rectangle(x,y,width,height), new Element(new JLabel(new ImageIcon(new URL("http://www.holub.com/images/mooney.jpg") )));

.ËßŒÿ›

ÝÍé• ÑéŸ‚é›éœ ÿÁÍéƒ ÁÍ Í˜ŸË—Ÿ ‚ƒ ‚ž‹š— ÞŸÁ ËÍ—™› àß‰œ ËŸË àÎ‚‡Á ÚœŸÁ
ØéŸÍéé…) ÝÍ• áÎ‚‹ ÒŠŒ› .ËÍÁË Ëß‡ß ‚Ÿß„ ÜË› ÍË ßŸÍ‚œ‹ ßË .ÝŸŸ‚›œ ÿ‹ÍÍƒ
.(ÞÁ ÑŸ‚›œ ß ÝÍ• àƒ ÁÍ‡Á Þ‚›Î ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ ÞËÍ— à›Ÿ›Ž) áÎ‚‹ Ü‚• ß (‚Ë™Ÿ•
add_field() Ëé…› Ëœˆ ‚Ÿ ÚŸ ËŸœÁß…ÿ› ß "Å‹Á Þ‚‹À áÎ‚‹ ÒŠŒ›" à—Ÿì‚‡œÀ ÎÁ
ÍË UML ÿéŸ‚Ÿß„ ÜË› ÍÁËß›œ .ÝÎÁËÍ„ÿ› áÎ‚‹ Ü‚• ÿßŸÍ‚œ‹ àƒ ¬ËŸœÎƒ ÁË ÁÍ
ËéŸËéŸËœ ÁÍ áÍÁËß›œ ÞŸœˆ šƒ– Í˜Á .ËËÿ› Þ‚Œœ ÁÍ áÎ‚‹ Ü‚• ËœŸÁÍ• ³ Ü—Œ
.ËéœéËÿé› Þ‚éŒœ ÁÍ‡Á Þ‚›Î ÍË ÁÍ Ý…‹Ÿ‹ ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ ¬‚Þß…‹ à— ËŸì‚›œ à‡ß…
(Ñé™• Åž‡ ÍË) Í˜ŸË Å—‡ƒÀ àƒ ÿ…—‡ƒÀ ÎÁ à— Å‹Á ÿŸ‚ž›‚Ÿ„ Í˜œ‚Ÿƒ ÿ–•Á ÔßÔŠ
.ËœßŒÿ› Ü‚‹ÍÁ ÿœ‚…‰… ÿ‚ž›‚Ÿ„ ÎÁ ÑŸ„ ¬ÍÁËß›œ ÿš‚ƒ ÿ‚Ý‚Ÿ„ .ËßŒÿ› Ü‚‹ÍÁ

PAC ÿ‚Ÿß„ ÜË› : ³ Ü—Œ

.Ëéœ…•Í˜ÿ› ÍÕœ ÍË ‚‡—Ÿ ‚Ë™Ÿ• ‚ƒ ÁÍ Form Å—‡ƒÀ ÞŸŒŸ„ ÿ‚ßŸÍ‚œ‹ ÎÁ ÿŽƒ
ÍË ‚é‡é—éŸ Element Åé—é‡éƒÀ ‚éƒ Form--already š›‚— ‚Í‚— ÖßÍŒ àÔ–œ ÁÌ™
ËßŒÿ› Î‚’À ÿÁÎ…œÁ Å›‹ ÜÍ…œ— Å—‡ƒÀ ‚ƒ áÎ‚‹ Ü‚• ËœŸÁÍ• .ËßŒÿ› à…•Í˜ÍÕœ
attach(things) Ý‚éŸé„ ÅÍß àƒ) Ëœ—ÿ› Ü‚‹ÍÁ ÁÍ ÿ™ƒ– Populated Form ß
àé— ÿŸ‚Å—‡ƒÀ ¬"ÑŸ‚›œ Üƒ‚–" Å—‡ƒÀ Ëœˆ ‚Ÿ ÚŸ à— Å‹‚œ› ÞŸÁ àƒ things .(
ÁÍ ÿé‹é—ÁÍ„ ÜÁßÏŸß Î‚Ÿœ Ý‚˜œ ÍË ß Ëœœ—ÿ› áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ ÁÍ user interface
ËË…› Å‚• ÝÍ• ÞÀ Ð‚‹Á Íƒ à— Å‹Á ÿ…‹ÁßŠÍË attach() Ý‚Ÿ„ .ËœœÁËÍ˜ÿ› Î‚ƒ
Element ËÍé•éœ› ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ à™Ÿ‹ßƒ Å‚• ÙŸ–Ë àß›‡› .ËËÿ› ÑŸ‚›œ ÁÍ Å—‡ƒÀ
.ËßŒÿ› ÜÍ…œ—

ÁÍ attach() ÎÁ Åé™‚é‰ àé‹ Form ÿ‚éÅé—é‡éƒÀ .ÝéŸËÍ˜ÿ› Î‚ƒ ‚…‹ŸÁ ÜË› àƒ
àéƒ ÿé›ßé‹ ß àŸÁÍÀ ÿÁÍƒ ÿ›ßË ¬ËÍ•œ› ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ ÿÁÍƒ ÿ—Ÿ .Ëœœ—ÿ› ÿœ‚ƒŸ…Œ„
ÿéË ÍÁËé–é› ‚écollection ‚Ÿ ‚Map ÎÁ ÿŽƒ ÑŸ‚›Ÿ„ ÿÁÍƒ .Iterator ÅÍß
¬ FORM ÍË ÇÍ‚éŠ ÎÁ ‚éÅé—é‡ƒÀ ÞÀ ÍË à— ÝËß›œ àË‚•…‹Á ÿ™Ë› ÎÁ Þ› .ËßŒÿ›
.ËéœÎ‚‹ÿ› Ü…› Form àƒ ÁÍ ÜË› Å›‹ ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ ß (PUSH ÜË›) ËœßŒÿ› "PUSH"
àË‚éŸé„ .Ëéœ—ÿ› ÇÁÍŠ…‹Á ÜË› ÎÁ ÁÍ Î‚Ÿœ ËÍß› ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ FORM ¬PULL ÜË› ÍË
.Å‹Á Í…ÍÁßŒË PUSH ÜË› ‚ƒ à‹Ÿ‚–› ÍË ÜË› ÞŸÁ áÎ‚‹

ÃéŸé…Í… àƒ ÁÍ ÞÀ à— Ëœ—ÿ› ÿ‹ Form ¬ËßŒÿ› à›Ÿ›Ž ÝÍ• àƒ ÿ…—‡ƒÀ à—Ÿ›‚˜œ
Þ‚éŒœ ÁÍ àËŒ à›Ÿ›Ž Å—‡ƒÀ Ðš— Å• ÿelement Í˜Á .Ëœ— à›Ÿ›Ž element Í àƒ
ÿÁÍéƒ Element ÍË attach() àéŠé‹éœ .ËßéŒÿ› ÍÕœ ØÍ Å‹ÁßŠÍË ÞŸÁ ÎÁ ¬ËËœ
Ý‚éœ Element .ËÍéŸé˜ÿ› ÝŸ›… ¬ÑŸ‚›œ Üƒ‚– Å—‡ƒÀ ‚ƒ ÞËÍ—œ Í‚— ‚Ÿ ÞËÍ—Í‚—
Þ‚‹—Ÿ Element ÍË àËŒ àÍŸŠÌ Ðš— Ý‚œ ‚ƒ Ðš— Ý‚œ Í˜Á ß à…•Í˜ ÁÍ Å—‡ƒÀ Ðš—
Åé‹Íž• ( Å‚• ‚Ÿ) Å• ÿÁÍƒ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÜÁßÏŸß ÚŸ displayable Å—‡ƒÀ ÎÁ ¬ËŒ‚ƒ
Ü‚é‹ÍÁ ‚éƒ Å‚é• à— ËŸŸ‚›œ à‡ß… .Ëœ—ÿ› Å‹ÁßŠÍË Element Å• Ë™Ÿ• ÍË àËŒ
áÎ‚é‹ ÁËé‡ ß "elbayalpsid" Åé—‡ƒÀ àƒ ¬Ëœ—ÿ› àÍŸŠÌ ÁÍ Å• Ý‚œ à— ÿÁà…ŒÍ
.ËœßŒÿ› Å‹ÁßŠÍË áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ ÎÁ element ÉÍŒ

Å‹Á Å• Í˜œ‚Ÿ‚›œ à— ËÎ‚‹ÿ› ÿJComponent "displayable"¬ Å—‡ƒÀ Å™‚‰œŸÁ ÍË
ÁÍéœÀ ÞÁßé…ÿé› component ÉšéÁ Ý‚˜œ ÍË ÁÌ™ ¬ËßŒÿ› Ü…› component àƒ ß
ÞÀ ¬ÝËß›œ àÍ‚ŒÁ Í…ŒŸ„ à— àœß˜œ‚› .ËœÁËÍ˜ Î‚ƒ ÁÍ component Ð„‹ ß ¬Å•‚Ÿ
ÁÍ widget Ðé„é‹ ß àËß›œ Ãœ ÁÍ ÿ™‰› ÜË› ¬à…Š‚‹ ÁÍ Swing_widget ËœÁß…ÿ›
¬ËßŒÿ› à…Š‚‹ visual-proxy() Å‹ÁßŠÍË ‚ƒ à— ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ Å—‡ƒÀ Ð„‹ .ËœÁËÍ˜ Î‚ƒ
.ËËÍ˜ÿ› àÍŸŠÌ Element ÞßÍË

ÿé‹é—ÁÍé„ ÜÁßÏéŸß ËéŒ‚éƒéœ ÿ—Ÿ Element ÍË àËŒ àÍŸŠÌ Ý‚œ ‚ƒ Ðš— Ý‚œ Í˜Á
ÿinvariant ÿ™• Element ß ËŒ‚ƒœ null ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ Ë™Ÿ• Í˜Á .ËßŒÿ›œ Å‹ÁßŠÍË
¬àËŒ à…Š‚‹ ÿ˜Î‚… àƒ à— ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ¬ËËœ Þ‚Œœ ÁÍ (àÍŸ’ ß icon..label Ëœœ‚›)
Element constructor ¬ËŒ‚ƒ àËßƒ invariant Å—‡ƒÀ Í˜Á) ËßŒÿ› à•‚ŽÁ ÝÍ• àƒ
.Å‹Á àËßÎ•Á ÝÍ• àƒ ÁÍ ÞÀ šƒ–

ÜÍ…œ— Å—‡ƒÀ ¬ËœßŒ Ü‚‹ÍÁ ÝÍ• àƒ "displayable" ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ à› à—œŸÁ Ó‰› àƒ
.ËÎ‚é‹ÿ› Ü‚• setVisible(true) ‚Ÿ invalidate() Å‹ÁßŠÍË Ü‚‹ÍÁ ‚ƒ ÁÍ ÝÍ•
‚éœéƒé› Ðš— ‚›Á .ËßŒÿ› Ü‚‹ÍÁ Form ÎÁ Component_base Ðš— àƒ Å‹ÁßŠÍË ÞŸÁ
Íé àéƒ ÁÍ activate() ÿ‚éÝ‚éŸ„ do-layout() .Ëœ—ÿ› ÍË‚ ÁÍ do-layout()
àƒ SetBounds() ß SetVisible() ÿ‚Å‹ÁßŠÍË ß àËß›œ Ü‚‹ÍÁ form ÎÁ element
ÁÌé™ ¬ËéœÍßÀ ÍË ÑŸ‚›œ àƒ ÁÍ ËßŠ ‚žœÀ ‚… ËßŒÿ› àË‚…‹Í• àÔßƒÍ› ÿ‚ÿ‹—ÁÍ„
àé— ÿéŸ‚éœéƒ ÍéŸÎ "displayable" ÿ‚éÅé—‡ƒÀ ‚ƒ ß Å‹Á ÅŸßÍ Üƒ‚– ÝÍ• ÚœŸÁ
àé— ËŸŸ‚›œ à‡ß… .ËÎ‚‹ÿ› ÍÁÍ–Íƒ Ô‚ƒ…ÍÁ ËœËß›œ àŸž… ÝÍ• ÿÁÍƒ ÁÍ ‚ÿ‹—ÁÍ„
Åé—‡ƒÀ .Ëƒ‚Ÿÿ› Þ‚ŸÍ‡ "displayable" Î‡ àƒ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÎÁ ‚›Ÿ–…‹› ÍƒÍ‚— áËßÍß
àË‚éŸ„ àß‰œ àƒ ÁÎ‡Á ÞŸÁ ÎÁ ÚŸˆŸ ÞŸœˆ› .ËÍÁËœ Å—ÍŒ Ô‚ƒ…ÍÁ ÞŸÁ ÍË Form
ÉéÔé‹ ÿ‚éÅé—é‡éƒÀ ÎÁ ‚àËÁË ÇÁÍŠ…‹Á ÿÁÍƒ .ËœÍÁËœ áÍ‚— àÔßƒÍ› Å• áÎ‚‹
"set" Ëé…é› ÈéŸ ÎÁ ‚Å—‡ƒÀ ÅŸŽß ÉšÁ ÿÁÍƒ ß "get" Ë…› ÈŸ ÎÁ ÿÁÎ…œÁ
àËß›œ àŸž… Swing JComponent à— ÿÔƒÁÍ ÙŸÍÔ ÎÁ ‚Í‚— à› .Ëœ—ÿ›œ àË‚•…‹Á
ÝŸ‚›œ ØÌ‰ ß à•‚ŽÁ ÁÍ ‚Ë™Ÿ• ¬ÝË ÍŸŸ“… ÁÍ ÝÍ• ÝœÁß…ÿ› Þ› .ËÍŸ˜ÿ› Ý‚‡œÁ
à•‚ŽÁ ËœŒ‚ƒ à…ŒÁË ÍŸ†‚… ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš ÿ‚ž‹š— Íƒ à—œŸÁ ÞßËƒ ÁÍ ÿŸ‚ÝÍ• ‚Ÿ
ÍßéÔéœŸ› .ËŒ ËœÁßŠœ ÅÁÍŸŸ“… Ý‚‡œÁ à‡ß…› ‚ž‹š— Å™‚‰œŸÁ ÍË .Ýœ— ØÌ‰ ‚Ÿ
ÿé„ ÍéŸéŸ“… ÞŸÁ àƒ ‚ÝÍ• ¬ÝË ÍŸŸ“… ÁÍ ÿŸ‚œƒ ÍŸÎ ÜË› áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ Þ› Í˜Á
àŸš Ðš— ÿœßÍË Ðš— ÞÁßœ àƒ šß›› ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ à—Ÿì‚‡œÀ ÎÁ àßšƒ .ËÍƒ ËœÁßŠœ
Ðšé— ÚŸ ÿÁÍƒ (àìÁÍÁ ß áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„) ÅÁÍŸŸ“… à› ËßŒÿ› áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ ÿÁÎ…œÁ
ËÍßé› Ðšé— àƒ reference à› ÿÁÍƒ à— Å‹Ÿœ áÎ‚Ÿœ ß ËÍŸ˜ÿ› ÅÍß Ü‰› ÚŸ ÍË
ßé‡…‹‡ ÁÍ áËÍƒÍ‚— à›‚œÍƒ Ý‚›… ¬Ë— ÉŸ‰ ËÍ—™› ÎÁ Þ‚œŸ›ÔÁ Üß‰ ÿÁÍƒ ÍÕœ
.Å‹Ÿœ ÍŸŸ“… Üƒ‚– ‚Ðš— ß Å‚• ÿ›‚‹Á ‚žœ… ¬Ýœ—

àé—éŸì‚‡œÀ ÎÁ .ËŒ‚ƒÿ› Gang of Four ÿ‰ÁÍÔ ÿß˜™Á ÎÁ ÿ™‚†› ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ‘–Áß ÍË
áÎ‚é‹ àË‚éŸé„ àÍ‚ƒ ÍË ß‡…‹‡ ÿÁÍƒ .ËßŒÿ› àŸž… ÜË› Å›‹ Å—‡ƒÀ Ô‹ß… ÿ‹—ÁÍ„
àË‚éŸé„ à— Å‹Á ÿ…ž‡ ÍË encapsulation ÿ…Í‚ƒ àƒ Å‹Ÿœ àË‚•…‹Á Üƒ‚– Å—‡ƒÀ
àé…éƒé™Á .Ëéƒ‚éŸ ÍŸŸ“… ÇÍ‚Š ÿ‚ŸœË ÖšÔÁ ÞßËƒ ËœÁß…ÿ› ÜË› Å›‹ Å—‡ƒÀ áÎ‚‹
àß›‡› Í˜Á ‚›Á .ËËÿ› Þ‚Œœ Ëœ…‹ à…ŒÍ ÅÍß àƒ à— ÿ…‚• Ý‚œ ¬Å• àß›‡›
Íé ÍË .Åé‹Á àé…ŒÁË Ü‚—ŒÁ àŸ™ßÁ ÿ‰ÁÍÔ à— Å‹‚œ› ÞŸÁ àƒ ¬Ëƒ‚Ÿ ÍŸŸ“… Å•
Ëßé‡ß àé— ÿ…• à—Ÿ›‚˜œ ËœÁß…ÿ› Å—‡ƒÀ ß Å‹Á non-issue Å• ÞËßÎ•Á event
ÁÍ ‚éÔéŠ ÿé˜Ë‚‹ àƒ ËœÁß…ÿ› ÃŸ…Í… ÞŸËƒ .ËœÁËÍ˜Î‚ƒ null ËŒ Å‹ÁßŠÍË ËÍÁËœ
.ËÁË ÒŸŠŒ…

áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„
User Interface Ðš— ¬± Å‹Ÿ™ .ÝŸÁËÍ„ƒ áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ Æ‰ƒ› àƒ ËŸË àÎ‚‡Á ÚœŸÁ
ÜÁßÏŸß ËœœÁß…ÿ› à— ÿŸ‚Å—‡ƒÀ) ËßŒ áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ ‚Å—‡ƒÀ Ô‹ß… ËŸ‚ƒ à— ÁÍ ÿ
àéƒ ÔßƒÍ› string à— ËÍÁË Ë…› ÚŸ ‚–Ÿ–Ë ÔƒÁÍ .Ëœ—ÿ› ØŸÍ… (ËœÎ‚‹ƒ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„
à— ËœÁËÍ˜ÿ› Î‚ƒ JComponent ÚŸ Ë…› ÞŸÁ .Ëœ—ÿ› Ü‚‹ÍÁ ÁÍ ÍÕœ ËÍß› Å• Ý‚œ
ÞÀ à— ÿ…—‡ƒÀ àƒ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ à— Å‹Á ÞŸÁ Íƒ ÓÍ• .ËßÍÿ› Í‚— àƒ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÞÁßœ àƒ
ÍÁÍé–Íƒ Ô‚ƒ…ÍÁ Í˜ŸË—Ÿ ‚ƒ ËœœÁß…ÿ› Å—‡ƒÀ ßË ÁÌ™) ËŒ ËÁßŠ Ü…› à…Š‚‹ ÁÍ
(ËœÎ‚‹

java.user-interface : ± Å‹Ÿ™

ÁÍ (àéÔßéƒÍé› Form Ðš— ËÍƒÍ‚— ß) user interface áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ àß‰œ ² Å‹Ÿ™
ÿÁÍéƒ àé— ÁÍ Form ÿé™‚éŠ Å—‡ƒÀ ÚŸ (±´ ÔŠ) ÝÍ• static ÍŸ“…› .ËËÿ› Þ‚Œœ
static Åé™‚é‰ ß ËéËÿ› Ö‚‡ÍÁ ¬ËßÍÿ› Í‚— àƒ Employee ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ ÿË ÍÁË–›
àéƒ Ø™…Š› ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ ÿË ÍÁË–› ÿÁÍƒ Í‚ƒ ÞŸËœˆ ËœÁß…ÿ› ÝÍ• Þ‚› ÁÍŸÎ ËÍÁË
ÞéŸé™ßÁ .Ëéœé—ÿ› ØŸÍ… ÁÍ ÝÍ• ÿ‚Ë™Ÿ• static-initializer Úß™ƒ .ËßÍ Í‚—
Name àé…ŒÍ à— ÿƒ‹ˆÍƒ .Ëœ—ÿ› à•‚ŽÁ ÁÍ invariant Ë™Ÿ• add-field ÿœÁßŠÁÍ•
Åé—‡ƒÀ Å• àƒ ‚žœÀ .Ëœ…‹ Þ‚‹—Ÿ àÁÍ› invariant ÿ‚Ë™Ÿ• Ëœ—ÿ› àÍŸŠÌ ÁÍ
àƒ ÝÍ• ÿš‚ƒ Äˆ Å›‹ ÍË àÏŸß label ÞŸÁ .Ëœ…‹ ÝÍ• Å‚• ‚žœÀ .ËœßŒÿ› Ü…›
àéŒß˜ ÍË ÁÍ ÎÍ› Ü‹—Ÿ„ ±° Í‚—ËßŠ ÍßÔ àƒ ÝÍ•) ËÍÁË ÍÁÍ– Ü‹—Ÿ„ ·µx²° ÅÍß
ÍéŸé‹é•… (10 ß 10) àƒ Í‚—ËßŠ ÍßÔ àƒ (0 ß 0 ) Å‚…Š› :ËÍŸ˜ÿ› ÍÕœ ÍË ÝÍ•
ÿéœÁßŠÁÍ• ÞŸÁ .Ëƒ‚Ÿÿ› Ò‚…ŠÁ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ àƒ ÿŸ‚Ž• Íß—Ì› Ë— ²° ÔŠ ÍË ß ËßŒÿ›
àé— ÁÍ ÿé…• ß Ðš— Ý‚œ JComponent Ü‚‹ÍÁ ÿ‚‡ àƒ Å‹Á ÿ™ƒ– Ë— àŸƒŒ ‚ƒŸÍ–…
.ÝËß›œ ÒŠŒ› ËŒ ËÁßŠ àËÁË ÑŸ‚›œ

àé™Ÿ‹ß àƒ ÝÍ• ÑŸ‚›œ Ý‚˜œ ÍË à— Å‹Á (³µ ÔŠ) visual-proxy() Ë— áËƒ ÑŠƒ
¬salary Åé•é ßË ËéŸœ—ÿ› àË‚Œ› à— àœß˜œ‚› .ËßŒÿ› ÿœÁßŠÁÍ• Form Å—‡ƒÀ
ÅÍß àƒ Jlable ÁÌ™ ËÍÁË ÿœËœÁßŠ Ô–• Å• salary ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ .Ë‹‚œŒÿ› ÁÍ Name
Åé‹Á ÞŸÁ Ý•Ë ÁÍŸÎ ¬Å‹Á Í…àËŸˆŸ„ ÿ›— name Å• .ËßŒÿ› àËœÁËÍ˜Î‚ƒ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„
ÁÍ swing Íƒ ÿœ…ƒ› àßŸŒ ‚‡œŸÁ ÍË .ËË ÍŸŸ“… ÁÍ name ËœÁß…ƒ ÝÍ• ÍƒÍ‚— à—
‚éƒ àé— Å‹Á PlainDocument Å—‡ƒÀ name Å• àƒ ÔßƒÍ› ÿ™ŠÁË ÍÁË–› .ÝËŸÎ˜Íƒ
Åé—‡ƒÀ .Å‹Á swing Î‚Ÿœ ËÍß› model Î‡ ÞŸÁ .ËßŒÿ› reference (³² ÔŠ) name
ÿé…é–ß .ËßŒÿ› à›Ÿ›Ž ÜË› àƒ ß à…Š‚‹ ´³ ÔŠ ÍË JTextField ¬"presentation"
àƒ Ý…‹Ÿ‹ Ô‹ß… àÔßƒÍ› PlainDocument Å—‡ƒÀ ËËÿ› ÍŸŸ“… ÁÍ Þ…› Ë™Ÿ• ÍƒÍ‚—
.ÝŸœÁßŠƒ ÁÍ ÞÀ ÝŸœÁß…ÿ› ‚› ß ËßŒÿ› ÿœ‚‹Í ÎßÍ

constructor ÍË ÁÍ ÝÍé• Employee Åé—‡ƒÀ .Å‹Á ÝÍ• ÅŠ‚‹ ËœŸÁÍ• áËƒ à™‰Í›
ÿÏé…ÁÍ…‹Á ÞŸÁ .Ëœ—ÿ› ÿË ÍÁË–› ÁÍ ÑËßŠ Employee Å—‡ƒÀ ÿœŸ ¬ËÎ‚‹ÿ› ËßŠ
.Åé‹Á ÜßÁËé…› ÁÍ˜ÿŒ Ý…‹Ÿ‹ ÍË ÍƒÍ‚— ‚ƒ àÍß‚‰› ÿÁÍƒ (ËßŠ ÿË ÍÁË–› ÿœŸ)
à—™ƒ ¬ËŸÎ‚‹œ dialog (Constructor ÿœÁßŠÁÍ• ÍË) Î‚ŸœËÍß› Å‚šÔÁ Ã‹— ÿÁÍƒ
ÃéŸé…Íé… ÞéŸËéƒ .ËéŸ‚›œ Ã‹— ÁÍ Î‚Ÿœ ËÍß› Å‚šÔÁ ËŸÁßŠƒ Constructor ÎÁ
.ËŸË ÍŸŸ“… ÿ˜Ë‚‹ àƒ ÁÍ ÿË ÍÁË–› ÝÍ• ÝßÎ™ ÅÍß ÍË ËŸœÁß…ÿ›

ÞéŸÁ .(¶¶ ÔŠ) Ëœ—ÿ› à›Ÿ›Ž Constructor ÿš‚ƒ ÍË ÝÍ• àƒ ÁÍ ËßŠ ÿ™• Å—‡ƒÀ
¬Åé‹ÍË Åé›é‹ ÍË ‚žœÀ Ãœ ß Å• ßË Å•‚ŸÍË ÿÁÍƒ Form ‚… ËßŒÿ› Ãƒ‹ Å‚Ÿ™›
‚é… ËéœÁßéŠÿ› ÁÍ• ÁÍ hook Ë…› Constructor Ð„‹ ËŸ‚›œ Å‹ÁßŠÍË ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÝÍ•
Å‚é•é Åé™‚é‰éœéŸÁ ÍË .(¸µ ÔŠ) ËÎ‚‹ƒ ÁÍ create_intialization_Form(...)
.ËßŒÿ› ÿË ÍÁË–› ÎŸœ derived-class

base-class ÝÍé• ÿß‚é‰ ÚéœŸÁ à—) Å‹Á derived-class àËŒ àËœÁËÍ˜Î‚ƒ ÍÁË–›
.ËßŒÿ› àËœÁËÍ˜ Î‚ƒ ÞÀ Þ‚›ß˜ÍÀ Ô–• ÓÍ• ÑŸ„ áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ ÍË (ËŒ‚ƒÿ›

ÞÀ ÞËßéŒé˜ ß ÝÍé• ÞËßé›éœ àÍŸŠÌ ÿÁÍƒ ÿFrame ¬Employee Constructor ÚœŸÁ
¬Wait_for_close() (ÝÎ‚é‹éƒ JDialog ¬Jfame ÿ‚‡ àƒ Ý…‹œÁß…ÿ› Þ›) .ËÎ‚‹ÿ›
àé…éƒé™Á .ËËœƒƒ ÁÍ ÝÍ• ÍƒÍ‚— ‚… ËÍßÁÿ› ÍË ÙŸ™… Å™‚‰ àƒ ÁÍ ÿ™• thread
Úé›é— ‚éƒ ß thread ÅéŠ‚‹ ‚ƒ ËœÁß…ÿ› modless ÝÍ• .ËŸœ‚›ƒ ÍÕ…œ› Å‹Ÿœ ÝÎš
ÍéÕé…éœ› Í˜Á à— ËŸŒ‚ƒ à…ŒÁË Ë‚Ÿ àƒ .Ëœ‚›ƒ ÿ–‚ƒ ÅŸßÍ Üƒ‚– àÔßƒÍ› ÍŸË‚–›
ÁÍ Employee àé— "main" ß Swing ÿ‚éËÁËéŠÍ ÑÎÁËÍé„ ¬thread ßË ËéŸéœ‚é›ƒ
Å–Ë ¬ËŸœ—ÿ› àË‚•…‹Á ÿÏ…ÁÍ…‹Á ÞŸÁ ÎÁ Í˜Á ÁÌ™ .Ëßƒ ËœÁßŠ Ü‚• ¬ ËœÎ‚‹ÿ›
.ËŸŸ‚›œ

Employee.java :² Å‹Ÿ™

ÿÁÍéƒ ÝÍé• aggregation àéÔéƒÁÍ .ËßéŒÿé› áÎ‚é‹ àË‚Ÿ„ ´ Å‹Ÿ™ ÍË form Ðš—
àéƒ ÁÍ Ô‚ƒ…ÍÁ ÞŸÁ Þ› .ËßŒÿ› ÍŸ‹•… (²´ ÔŠ) ‚Ë™Ÿ• ÞßŸ‹—™— àƒ ÞÀ ÿ‚Ë™Ÿ•
reference ¬collection àƒ à—Ÿì‚‡œÀ ÎÁ ‚›Á .ÝËß›œ áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ vector ÅÍß
Ëé— Íéƒ à— áÍ˜ŸË ÿÁàËÁË Í‚…Š‚‹ ‚ƒ ÁÍ vector àËœŸÀ ÍË ÝœÁß…ÿ› Þ› ¬ËßŒÿ›
ÿ‚éÅé—é‡éƒÀ ËéœÁß…ÿ› ÝÍ• à— Å‹œŸÁ Íƒ ÓÍ•) ÝŸ‚›œ ÞŸÎ˜Ÿ‚‡ ¬ËÍÁÌ˜œ ÍŸ†‚…
ÎÁ ÿéŸ‚évector ÿß‚é‰ ß Ëéœé— ÿéËéœ‚é›Î‚‹ hash ÜßË‡ ÍË ÁÍ ËßŠ Element
Íé†—Á à—œŸÁ ÜŸ™Ëƒ .ËœËÿ› ÑŸ‚›œ ÁÍ ÍÕœ ËÍß› Ðš— Å‚• à— ËŒ‚ƒ ‚Element
.(Ëßƒ ËÁßŠœ ÍŸ˜›Œˆ ÞÁËœˆ ÿŸÀÍ‚— Ëßƒžƒ ËœÍÁË ÿ›— ÿ‚Ë™Ÿ• ‚ÝÍ•

àéƒ ÁÍéœÀ Þ› .Ëœ—ÿ› ØŸÍ… ÁÍ ÝÍ• ÿ‡Í‚Š àŒß˜ Þß›ÁÍŸ„ ÿ‚Ž• (³° ÔŠ) INSET
àÎÁËœÁ .Ýœ—ÿ› áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ ÿ…‹Ë ÅÍß àƒ EmptyBorder Å—‡ƒÀ ÎÁ àË‚•…‹Á ÿ‚‡
ÙéŸÍéÔ ÎÁ ß ËßéŒÿé› àÍéŸéŠÌ (³± ÔéŠ) preferred_size ÍË ÝÍé• ÍéÕéœ ËÍß›
Ëéé…é› .Åé‹Á ÿéƒ‚éŸé…é‹Ë Üéƒ‚é– getPreferredSize() ß getMinimiumSize()
à•‚ŽÁ ÝÍ• àƒ áËŸË‡ Ë™Ÿ• à—Ÿ›‚˜œ ÍË (³¶ ÔŠ) update_preferred_Size(...)
ÍË ß Ü‚é‹ÍÁ ÁÍ àËéŒ àËßÎé•Á Ë™Ÿ• Ü‰› Ë…› ÞŸÁ .ËŒ ËÁßŠ ÿœÁßŠÁÍ• ¬ËßŒÿ›
.Ëœ—ÿ› ÿœ‚‹ÍÎßÍ àƒ ÁÍ àÎÁËœÁ ÝßÎ™ ÅÍß

Frame šé†é› à— ÿ›‚˜œ ÍË ÁÍ Ancestor listener (´µ ÔŠ) Form Constractor
à—Ëßƒ Ã™‚‡ Þ› ÿÁÍƒ .ËŸ‚›œÿ› ÝŸÕœ… Ëœ—ÿ› ÍŸŸ“… ÞÀ àÎÁËœÁ ‚Ÿ ËßŒÿ› Ø–ß…›
ÿéœÁßéŠÁÍé• ÍË àé— ÁÍ ÿéŸ‚éthread ÝéœÁßé…ÿé› ÁÌ™ Ýœ—ÁËŸ„ ÁÍ Ø–ß… Þ‚›Î
Ëé…é› ß wait() Ëé…é› ÞéŸÁ .Ýéœé— ÍéŒé…œ› ¬Ëœ…‹ ÍÕ…œ› wait-for-close()
.Ëœ—ÿ› encapsulate ÁÍ notifyAll() ¬(±²° ÔŠ) release()

ß ¬ËéœËéŒ àËßÎé•Á swing àéƒ ÍéŸË ÿ›— à‹ß… àŠÍˆ ÍË ‚Ancestor listener
ÎÁ ³ Åé‹éŸé™ ÍË ÁÌé™ .ËÍÁËéœ Ëß‡ß AncestorAdapter ÿÁÍƒ ÿ™Ë‚› àœ‚•‹‚…›
.ÝËß›œ àË‚•…‹Á AncestorAdapter

AncestorAdapter.java :³ Å‹Ÿ™

àéƒ ‚éžéœÀ àé›é .ËéœßÍÿé› Í‚é— àéƒ ÞéŸÁ ÎÁ Ðé„ àé›éŸé›éŽ Ø™…Š› ÿ‚Ë…›
ÍË iterator ÚŸ ÎÁ Ë…› ÞŸÁ .ËœßŒÿ› à›Ÿ›Ž (·· ÔŠ) attach(user-interface)
àéƒ à— ÿ…—‡ƒÀ àƒ ‚… ËÁßŠÿ› Ë™Ÿ• Í ÎÁ ÃŸ…Í… àƒ ß Ëœ—ÿ› àË‚•…‹Á ‚Ë™Ÿ•
¬Element ÿéœßÍË Ðšé— ÍË attach ÿéœÁßéŠÁÍé• .ËßéŒ à›Ÿ›Ž àËŒ à•‚ŽÁ ÿ˜Î‚…
àé— ÿé…Íß ÍË ÁÍ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÜÁßÏŸß ß ËÍŸ˜ÿ› ÅÍß ‚Ÿß„ ÜË› ÙƒÔ (attach(...)
.Ëéœé—ÿé› Å‹ÁßŠÍË ËŒ‚ƒ ÿ—Ÿ àËŒ àÍŸŠÌ Element ÍË à— ÿ‹š— Ý‚œ ‚ƒ Ðš— Ý‚œ
.ËßŒÿ› à•‚ŽÁ ÝÍ• àƒ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ Ð„‹

ÁÍé• swing ‚éƒ àé— Åé‹Á (±°´ ÔéŠ) dolayout() àƒ ÔßƒÍ› áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ ÞŸÍŠÀ
ÁÍ Ëé™éŸ• Í ÃŸ…Í… àƒ ß ËÍŸ˜ÿ› ÅÍß ‚Ë™Ÿ• ÍË áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ .ËßŒÿ› àËœÁßŠ
ÅÍß (±¸² ÔŠ) activate() Ë…› ‚ƒ Element ÍË ÿ–Áß áÎ‚‹ Ü‚• .Ëœ—ÿ› Ü‚•
Å•‚ŸÍË ÿÁÍƒ ÁÍ SetBounds(Location) ß SetVisbible(true) Ë…› ÞŸÁ .ËÍŸ˜ÿ›
àœß˜œ‚› .ËœÁßŠ ÿ› ÁÍ• Ã‹‚œ› Ü‰› ÍË ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÞËÍ— Î‚ƒ ß àËŒ à›Ÿ›Ž ÿ‹—ÁÍ„
ÚéŸ ÅÍßé àéƒ ÿé˜Ë‚é‹ àéƒ ÁÍ Ýé…‹Ÿ‹ ÞŸÁ ËŸœÁß…ÿ› ¬ÝËß›œ àÍ‚ŒÁ Í…ŒŸ„ à—
ÑßÍ ÞŸÁ ¬ÿÍ‚›› ÞËœ‚‹‚œŒ ÿÁÍƒ Þ› ‚›Á .ËŸŸ‚›œ áÎ‚‹ àË‚Ÿ„ Layout_Manager
.ÝËÍ—œ Ã‚Š…œÁ ÁÍ

AncestorListener
àé— ÿé›‚é˜éœ .ÝËÍ—œ àË‚•…‹Á ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÿœ‚‹Í ÎßÍ àƒ ÿÁÍƒ ‚Listener ÎÁ Þ›
Ü‚é›…‰Á ¬Ëœ—ÿ› Í…‹Ÿ‡Í Listener ÞÁßœ àƒ ÁÍ ËßŠ ÜË› Å›‹ Å—‡ƒÀ ‚Ÿ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„
ÎÁ àéœßé›éœ ÿÁÍéƒ) subscriber Åé—‡ƒÀ àƒ publisher ÎÁ reference à— ËÍÁË
àééƒ ÁÍ garbage-coloected àÎ‚é‡Á (Component ÿ‚éListener àéƒ Component
.ËËƒ subscriber

Ë›À ËÁßŠœ ÑŸ„ ¬ËË ÖšÔÁ ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš Å—‡ƒÀ àƒ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ à—Ÿ›‚˜œ Ü—Œ› ÞŸÁ
àŸš ÿ‚Å—‡ƒÀ àƒ Åƒ‹œ áÍ…›— Í› ÜßÔ ËÍÁË ÍÁÍ– ÞÀ ÍË ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ à— ÿ›Í• ÁÍŸÎ
Íé…é‹éŸ‡Í ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš Listener ÅÍß àƒ ÁÍ ËßŠ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ Í˜Á .ËÍÁË ÿÁÎ…œÁ
ÍéŸéŸé“é… ÜË› ÅŸŽß à—Ÿ›‚˜œ Í‚—ËßŠ ÍßÔ àƒ ËœÁß…ÿ› Å™‚‰ ÞŸÁ ÍË) ¬ËŸ‚›œ
ÿé–‚éƒ ÿé‹é—ÁÍé„ ÅŸŽß ÞŸÁ ÍË .ËŸÀÿ› ÑŸ„ Ü—Œ› (Ëœ— ÿœ‚‹Í ÎßÍ àƒ Ëƒ‚Ÿÿ›
Øé–ßé…é› ‚ƒ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÅÍßœŸÁÍŸ’ ÍË ËßŒ Ø–ß…› ÿÁÎ…œÁ àŸš Å—‡ƒÁ ‚… Ëœ‚›ÿ›
.ËÎ‚‹ÿ› ÇÍ‚Š ÜË› listener Å‹Ÿ™ ÎÁ ÁÍ ËßŠ ÝÍ• ÞËŒ

ÿ™Ÿ™Ë ‚žœ… .àÕ•‚‰ Ø‚—Œ ÿßœ ÿœŸ Å‹Á "loiterer" ÎÁ ÿ™‚†› Å—‡ƒÀ Ößœ ÞŸÁ
ÿÁÍéƒ à— Document Å—‡ƒÀ à— Å‹Á ÞŸÁ ËŸÀ ÿ› ÑŸ„ ÿ™• Ü‚†› ÍË Ü—Œ› ÞŸÁ à—
TextComponent àéƒ Reference ¬ËßÍÿé› Í‚— àƒ name Å• ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÅŸŽß àÍŸŠÌ
.ËÍé— ËéÁßŠœ ÿœ‚‹Í ÎßÍ àƒ ÁÍ àÔßƒÍ› UIDelegate ÜË› ÅŸŽß ÍŸŸ“… .ËÍÁËœ
Ëé…é› ÚéŸ ËéŸ‚éƒ ¬Ëéœ‚é‹Íÿé› ÎßÍ àƒ ÁÍ name Í‚—ËßŠ ÍßÔ àƒ employee Í˜Á
ÁÍ PlainDocument ÿŸ‚œƒ ÍŸÎ Å—‡ƒÀ ‚… ËÍ—ÿ› Ü‚‹ÍÁ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ àƒ ÁÍ setText()
.ËË ÍŸŸ“…

JComponenet ÍË AncestorListener ÝÎéŸœ‚—› ÎÁ àË‚•…‹Á Íß—Ì› Ü—Œ› Í‚— àÁÍ
àéƒ ÝšéÁ ÿÁÍéƒ (´µ ÔéŠ) ËßéŠ Constructor ÍË ÝÎéŸœ‚—› ÞŸÁ ÎÁ Form .Å‹Á
.Ëœ—ÿ› àË‚•…‹Á (ÝÍ• ÞËŒ Ø–ß…› Ý‚˜œ ÍË) ÍÕ…œ› ÿ‚thread

Form.java :´ Å‹Ÿ™

ÿƒ‚ŸÃŸ ß asserts
ÎÁ Assert .ÝéŸ‚é›œÿ› à•‚ŽÁ à›‚œÍƒ àƒ ÿƒ‚ŸÃŸ ß assert Å›‹– ÚŸ ‚ž…œÁ ÍË
ÿé—Ÿ .ËœßŒÿ› àËŸË (6 ß 5 ÿ‚Å‹Ÿ™) Assert.java ÍË à— ËßŒÿ› ÜŸ—Œ… Ðš— ßË
àééé…ééé‹éééƒ ÍË ÿÍééé˜éééŸË ß ËÍÁË ÍÁÍééé– com.holub.tools àé…é‹éƒ ÍË
àé‡Áßé› Üé—Œ› ‚ƒ Assert ÚŸ à—Ÿ›‚˜œ à— ËÍÁË ÍÁÍ– com.holub.tools.debug
ÁÍ ÚŸ Í ËŸœÁß…ÿ› ÍŸÎ ÅÁÍß…‹Ë ÎÁ ÿ—Ÿ ÞËÍ— à•‚ŽÁ ‚ƒ .ËËÍ˜ÿ› Ü‚• ¬ËßŒÿ›
:ËŸœ— à•‚ŽÁ ËßŠ à›‚œÍƒ àƒ

import com.holub.tools.debug.Assert; //debug version
import com.holub.tools.Assert; //debug version

Üé— ÍË ÁÍ non-debugging ÿ‚Ë…› HotSpot ÿÎ‚‡› ÞŸŒ‚› à— ËŸŒ‚ƒ à…ŒÁË à‡ß…
ß àé…é•Íé˜ ÍéÕœ ÍË ÁÍ ÿ™‚Š ÿ‚Ë…› HotSpot ÿœŸ .ËÎ‚‹ÿ› àœŸžƒ ‚ž‹š— ÞŸÁ
Ëé— ÎÁ ÁÍ ‚éžœÁ à‡Ÿ…œ ÍË .ËœÍÁËœ ÿƒœ‚‡ ÍŸ†‚… ÈŸ ‚žœÁ ÿ‚žœ‚›ß˜ÍÁ à—œŸÁ
.Ëœ—ÿ› ØÌ‡ ÿŸ‚žœ

µ Å‹Ÿ™

¶ Å‹Ÿ™

à‡ÁÍ› ¸ ß · ÿ‚Å‹Ÿ™ àƒ) ËœÍŸ˜ÿ› ÅÍß ÙŸÍÔ Þ‚› àƒ ‚ž˜‚ƒ ‘•Í ß ÿƒ‚ŸÃŸ
àéŠé‹éœ àé— ËéËÿ› ÑŸ‚›œ ÿœ‚›ÎÔ–• ÁÍ ÅÍ‚ƒ D.ebug("Hello"); ÍÔ‹ .(ËŸœ—
.ËŒ‚ƒ àËŒ import à›‚œÍƒ àƒ com.holub.tools.debug ÿœŸ debug

D.java :· Å‹Ÿ™

¸ Å‹Ÿ™

.ËŸœ—ÿ› àË‚Œ› ¹ Å‹Ÿ™ ÍË à— Å‹Á Std Ðš— Å›‹– ÞŸÍŠÁ

¹ Å‹Ÿ™

áÍŸ˜ à‡Ÿ…œ

ÍŸÌ„ Ø‚ÔœÁ ÿ‚UI ËŸœÁß…ÿ› à— ÝË Þ‚Œœ ‚›Œ àƒ ÝŒ‚ƒ à…‹œÁß… à— ÝÍÁßËŸ›Á
get/set ‘éƒÁßé… àéƒ Î‚éŸéœ ÞßËƒ ß ‚Ý…‹Ÿ‹ ÍŸÎ ÞŸƒ Coupling Ü–ÁË‰ ‚ƒ ÁÍ
ß Åé•é àé— Ðšé— ÞéŸƒ ÿß– coupling Ô–• ÿ‹—ÁÍ„ ÜÁßÏŸß áÍ‚›› ÍË .ËŸÎ‚‹ƒ
ÎÁ ËéŸéœÁßé…ÿ› ÎŸœ ‚‡œŸÁ ÍË ÿ…‰ ‚›Á ËÍÁË Ëß‡ß ËËÿ› Þ‚Œœ ÁÍ ËßŠ ÿ‹—ÁÍ„
.ËéŸŸ‚›œ àË‚•…‹Á Å• ÑŸ‚›œ ÿÁÍƒ JtextField ß Document ÍŸÕœ ‘›‚‡ ÿ‚Ðš—
Ý‹Íÿ› model ß docupling ¬view ÿœŸ MVC ÿ™Á ØË àƒ áÍ‚›› ÞŸÁ ÍË àßšƒ
‚éÝÍé• .ËéŸÀ ÑéŸé„ ÜËé› àéƒ ÝŸ–…‹› ÿƒ‚Ÿ…‹Ë Ý‚˜œ ÍË ÿ…š—Œ› à—œŸÁ ÞßËƒ
à› ÞŸÁ Íƒ àßš .Ëœƒ‚Ÿ ÍŸŸ“… ¬ËœÍÁÌ˜ƒ ÍŸ†‚… ÜË› Íƒ à—œŸÁ ÞßËƒ ËœœÁß…ÿ›
ÿßé‡é…‹‡ àƒ Î‚Ÿœ à—œŸÁ ÞßËƒ ËßŒÿ› Î—Í›…› Ü‰› ÚŸ ÍË ÜË› ÉÔ‹ Ðš— ÅÁÍŸŸ“…
.ËœŸÀÿ› ÍË ÑŸ‚›œ àƒ ÞÀ ÍË Ðš— Å‚• à— ËŒ‚ƒ ÿŸ‚žœ‚—›

Resources
The code in this article, along with an index of all the articles I've written for JavaWorld, can be found on my Web site, in the "Articles" section.
http://www.holub.com

Design patterns
Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides (Addison-Wesley, 1995), is a cookbook documenting many patterns of object/class interaction that recur regularly in good object-oriented designs. All experienced object-oriented designers will recognize these patterns immediately from their own work, and folks who are learning object-oriented design can save themselves a lot of hard work by using the patterns described here from the beginning. Though any cookbook approach to design is ultimately limiting (to use a cookbook, you have to know how to cook), this book is invaluable to people learning the design process or wanting a common vocabulary to describe parts of their designs to other designers. It can save you an enormous amount of time:
http://www1.fatbrain.com/asp/bookinfo/bookinfo.asp?theisbn=0201633612&from=NCN454

Pattern Oriented Software Architecture: A System of Patterns, Frank Buschmann, Regine Meunier, Hans Rohnert, Peter Sommerlad, and Michael Stal (John Wiley & Sons, 1996 ) covers more or less the same ground as the Gang of Four book, but it covers some additional material as well. In particular, the Model/View/Controller and Presentation/Abstraction/Control architectures are discussed in depth:
http://www1.fatbrain.com/asp/bookinfo/bookinfo.asp?theisbn=0471958697&from=NCN454

Object-Oriented Programming: An Evolutionary Approach, 2nd ed., Brad Cox and Andrew J. Novobilski (Addison-Wesley, 1994). Brad Cox first came up with the notion of a "pluggable component" (which he calls a "Software IC") in the context of the Objective C programming language. This book discusses both the Software IC and the language:
http://www1.fatbrain.com/asp/bookinfo/bookinfo.asp?theisbn=0201548348&from=NCN454

Patterns in Java, Vol. 1, Mark Grand (John Wiley & Sons, 1998), is essentially a rehashing of the Gang of Four book, but much more readable, and with examples in Java rather than C++. Grand does cover several patterns not covered by the Gang of Four, too:

http://www1.fatbrain.com/asp/bookinfo/bookinfo.asp?theisbn=0471258393&from=NCN454

Patterns in Java, Vol. 2, Mark Grand (John Wiley & Sons, 1999), includes a very good chapter on UI design patterns, among others:
http://www1.fatbrain.com/asp/bookinfo/bookinfo.asp?theisbn=0471258415&from=NCN454

Reuse
"Flight 501 Failure Report," from the Inquiry Board of the European Space Agency, is an account of the launch and subsequent self destruction of the Ariane5 satellite booster. It's a great real-world example of why a "pluggable component" architecture is problematic in the real world:
http://www.esrin.esa.it/htdocs/tidc/Press/Press96/ariane5rep.html

UI design
Usability Engineering, Jakob Nielsen (Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1993), is a good introduction to writing programs with usability in mind:
http://www1.fatbrain.com/asp/bookinfo/bookinfo.asp?theisbn=0125184069&from=NCN454

The Design of Everyday Things, (Doubleday, 1990), Donald A. Norman, obstensibly is about industrial design, but is really about good design in general. Using what he calls "user-centered design," Norman describes in detail why some designs are so frustrating to users and others are not. Norman talks in depth about how to work with people to end up with good designs for everything from faucets to computer programs. It's an amusing book that gives great advice about a serious subject:
http://www1.fatbrain.com/asp/bookinfo/bookinfo.asp?theisbn=0385267746&from=NCN454

"Interface Hall of Shame," (Isys Information Architects), is a great compendium of bad UI design. There's also a good UI hall of fame, but the bad UI section is more amusing. Though Microsoft, as usual, provides a rich set of examples of how not to do things, they are by no means the only entrants:
http://www.iarchitect.com/mshame.htm

Designing Visual Interfaces: Communication Oriented Techniques, Kevin Mullett and Darrell Sano (Prentice Hall, 1995), is essential reading for designers of data-entry systems. Particularly useful discussions of dialog layout, data-entry forms, and so on:
http://www1.fatbrain.com/asp/bookinfo/bookinfo.asp?theisbn=0133033899&from=NCN454

The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Edward R. Tufte (Graphics Press, 1983), is a beautiful book that describes the "other side" of the U/I equation: how to present data to the user in the clearest possible way. Mullett describes the input side of the equation, Tufte the output side. Tufte's other books ({i Visual Explanations} and {i Envisioning Information}) are also worthwhile.

About Face: The Essentials of User Interface Design, Alan Cooper (IDG Books, 1995). Ironically, the author of a great book about UI design is also the "father of Visual Basic," the tool responsible for many of the worst user interfaces ever foisted on the computing public. Cooper has a lot of opinions, some of which I agree with and some of which I don't. (In particular, I don't think of a program as a UI with intelligent warts hanging off of it, as Alan seems to do). Nonetheless, Cooper is always entertaining, and there's a lot of good advice here:
http://www1.fatbrain.com/asp/bookinfo/bookinfo.asp?theisbn=1568843224&from=NCN454

Üƒ– ÿ‚Å›‹–

ÜßÁ Å›‹– - ÁÍ˜ÿŒ ÿ‚Ý…‹Ÿ‹ ÿÁÍƒ ÍƒÍ‚— ÔƒÁÍ ÅŠ‚‹
(± ÑŠƒ) ÝßË Å›‹– - ÁÍ˜ÿŒ ÿ‚Ý…‹Ÿ‹ ÿÁÍƒ ÍƒÍ‚— ÔƒÁÍ ÅŠ‚‹
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